臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以生質柴油為主，分析其直噴式引擎噴霧特性與積污特性為主要研究目標，以廢食用油及不可食用的蓖麻油為主要油源來製作生質油，取代玉米甘蔗等糧食作物。毒蓖麻油與廢食用油具有高黏度及含水量，直接當成引擎燃料性能頗差，本研究利用轉酯化與乳化技術，改善油品黏度所引起的噴霧特性劣化情形， 並解決生質油NOX 排放量偏高的現象。同時，生質油經過長期的DI引擎測試過程後，引擎積污情形頗為嚴重，特別是噴嘴處積污導致引擎噴霧與廢氣排放特性劣化情形。因此，為了觀察高溫環境下生質油及其乳化油的特殊噴霧現象，本研究建立一高溫條件下的定容模擬裝置，以便分析其噴霧特性和石化柴油作比較。另外，為了解決生質油積污問題，本研究建立一實驗室尺度的生質油積污生成模擬裝置，以先導篩選出有效的添加劑來解決生質油積污問題。實驗結果顯示：在提高引擎噴射壓力與乳化技術配合下，生質油的噴霧特性有所改善;同時，利用抗氧化劑型添加劑可抑制生質油的積污生成機制，而本生質油噴霧與積污模擬裝置，結果可做為生質油引擎與實車試驗之先導測試依據。最後建議在不改變引擎硬體結構下，可提高5-10% 左右的生質油噴射壓力，添加配方15-20% 左右的乳化含水量， 2-5% 的生質酒精與0.2-0.5% Span-Tween 型的乳化劑，配合2000ppm的抗氧化劑型添加劑下，生質油NOX 排放問題與積污問題可同時獲得改善。

The objective of this study is to investigate the engine injection characteristics and deposit formation for biofuel. Utilizing waste cooking oil and non-edible castor oil to make biodiesel could replace the food-derived fuels and reduce ecologic pollution. Due to the high viscosity and water content, straight crude oil cannot be used as a fuel for DI engine. In this study, transesterification and emulsion technologies have been utilized to improve the injection spray characteristics for biofuels. A biodiesel producing machine was built up to analyze the producing process of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and non-edible oil. To study the biodiesel spray characteristics, a constant-volume bomb was established to analyze the injection spray characteristics under elevated temperature. Meanwhile, after long-term engine test, the biodiesel leads to the problem of engine deposition. Thus, a biofuel deposit simulator was developed to solve the deposit problem. The experimental results indicated that diesel generator operated on biofuel could improve the fossil diesel emissions. The higher NOX emission of biofuel was solved by water-biodiesel emulsion technology. The biofuel deposit simulator can provide some potential deposit control additives for biodiesel during the laboratory research stage. Without changing the engine structure, when the injection pressure was increased by 5-10%, the optimum combination suggested was 15-20% of water, 2-5% of bioethanol, 0.2-0.5% of composite surfactant Span-Tween and 2000ppm deposit-control additive. The biodiesel injection spray characteristics was improved , and the NOX and deposition problem could be solved.

ABSTRACT......................................................iii
CHINESE ABSTRACT..............................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................v
CONTENTS......................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................viii
LIST OF TABLES................................................xi

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................1
1.1 Motivation................................................1
1.2 Literature Survey.........................................4
1.2.1 Benefits and Treatments for Biodiesel...................4
1.2.2 Waste Oil and Inedible Oil Biodiesel....................5
1.2.3 Clean Alternative Fuel Biodiesel........................6
1.2.4 Injection Characteristics for Biodiesel.................7
1.2.5 Emusification for Biodiesel............................11
1.2.6 Deposit Formation for Biodiesel........................12
Chapter 2. EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE AND METHOD....................15
2.1 Biofuel Sources and Producing Process....................15
2.1.1 Oil Source for Biodiesel...............................15
2.1.2 Pretreatment Procedure of Waste Cooking Oil............16
2.1.3 Alkaline Catalyst Transesterification..................18
2.1.4 Biodiesel Producing Process............................19
2.1.5 Biodiesel Emulsification...............................21
2.2 Measurement of Biodiesel Injection Characteristics.......22
2.3 Measurement of Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions...............25
2.4 Measurement of Biodiesel Deposition......................26
2.4.1 Biodiesel Droplet Evaporation Lifetime Measurement.....26
2.4.2 Biodiesel Deposition Measurement.......................28
Chapter 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................30
3.1 Oil Source Analysis......................................30
3.2 Biodiesel Transesterification Analysis...................31
3.3 Analysis of Biodiesel Characteristics....................33
3.3.1 Analysis of WME Characteristics........................34
3.3.2 Analysis of CBD Characteristics........................36
3.4 Analysis of Biodiesel Injection Characteristics..........37
3.4.1 WME Injection Characteristics..........................37
3.4.2 CBD Injection Characteristics..........................40
3.5 Analysis of Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions..................42
3.5.1 WME Exhaust Emissions............................42
3.5.2 CBD Exhaust Emissions................................45
3.6 Analysis of Biodiesel Deposit Formation..................48
3.6.1 Analysis of CBD Deposition.......................48
3.6.2 Analysis of Biofuel Deposit Simulator............50
Chapter 4. CONCLUTIONS.......................................53
REFERENCES...................................................87

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