臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

濁水溪畔砂石場皆以濕式碎解洗選方式，將疏濬土石破碎分選為不同粒徑營建砂石，洗選廢水充滿2μm～65μm粒徑微細土砂，懸浮固體濃度可達數萬毫克/公升，依沉降理論估算，洗選廢水需要溢流率足夠低之沉澱池，否則需另添加藥劑以加速廢水中顆粒混凝沉澱，始能即時(on-line)處理懸浮固體達到150mg/L放流水水質規定。而加藥沉泥將被認定為事業廢棄物影響回收再利用途徑，且處理後廢水如符合放流水標準未回收利用而放流，同屬浪費。
查詢濁水溪砂石場已公開水污染防治許可，得知濁水溪畔砂石業許可登載原廢水水質為12,600mg/L～70,000mg/L，沉澱槽溢流率為0.13m3/m2˙hr～1.94 m3/m2˙hr(未計傾斜板(管)效益)。依文獻顯示黏性微細顆粒渾水初始濃度達13,770mg/L～25,000mg/L以上時，沉降過程微細顆粒逐漸合併為絮團、再絮凝為絮網，並產生明顯清渾水界面。如以10μm為絮團等效粒徑，推算理論單顆粒沉降速度為0.36m/hr，依此評估砂石業未加藥洗選廢水沉澱槽即時(on-line)溢流率，結果近半數砂石場廢水處理設施溢流率過高，處理後回收水質不佳。
本研究進行濃度60,883mg/L～114,000mg/L洗選廢水沉降試驗觀察，沉降20分鐘皆可產生清渾水界面，沉降2小時後可得71％～89.7％界面上澄清水。參考水庫異重流現象，提出地上型垂直流沉澱槽批次注水操作假設，取其非注水作業時間(off-line)長特點，可有效分離清渾水，而批次注水操作方式也將沉澱池、濃縮池及回收水池等功能實現於單一槽體。
地上型垂直流沉澱槽批次注水操作假設，有效極大化靜水沉澱時間分離清渾水，未加藥洗選廢水如以地上型垂直流沉澱槽批次注水操作，搭配地面型水平濃縮池或曬乾床，可免除設置大面積水平流沉澱池，為成本經濟、操作簡單之水資源利用最佳化規劃方式，除減少事業廢棄物產出，並可有效利用天然疏濬土石材料及水資源。

The quarries on the bank of Zhuoshui River adopt the wet approach of crushing, washing and screening gravels and sands to different diameters for construction materials, as wastewater is typically filled with 2μm to 65μm fine particles that the concentration of suspended solids can reach as high as tens of thousands milligrams per liter. According to the settlement theory, a sedimentation pool with a sufficiently low overflow rate is required for precipitating solids from the wastewater, or else, chemical must be added to accelerate the process. The pool must have an on-line treatment of processing at least 150mg/L of suspended solids to meet the regulation for discharge water quality. The dosed sludge is classified as industrial waste, not suitable for recycling, and the treated wastewater will be discharged instead of recycled if it is qualified of the standard for discharge, that it is such a waste of resource.
Through inquiry, it is known that the quarries on the bank of Zhuoshui River have disclosed their water pollution control permit, allowing the quality of wastewater controlled at a concentration of 12,600mg/L to 70,000mg/L and a overflow rate of sedimentation pool at 0.13m3/m2．hr to 1.94 m3/m2．hr (without the benefit of using inclined plate or tube). The literature showed that when the initial concentration of viscous fine particles exceeded 13,770mg/L to 25,000mg/L, these particles would gradually conglomerate into floccules during the sedimentation process to cause a clear-muddy boundary. For conglomerate of 10μm equivalent diameter, a single particle’s sedimentation rate in theory is 0.36m/hr. Based on this information, the on-line overflow rate of sedimentation pool without additional chemical treatment can be evaluated that the result showed the overflow rate of half of quarry facilities was too high to yield poor recycled water quality after treatment.
In this study, when observing the sedimentation of wastewater treatment with concentration of 60,883mg/L to 114,000mg/L, it showed a clear-muddy boundary in 20 minutes into the sedimentation process, that 71% to 89.7% of clear supernatant could be obtained after 2 hours. With reference to the phenomenon of density current in reservoir, a hypothetical operation through several sessions of vertical wastewater injection into a ground-based sedimentation pool was suggested, where the interval of non-water injection (off-line) time could allow effective separation of clear and muddy water. Also, wastewater injection in sessions could combine the function of sedimentation, concentration and recycling into one single pool (tank).
The above-mentioned hypothetical approach of vertical wastewater injection in a ground-based sedimentation pool divided over several sessions could maximize the precipitation time to separate clear and muddy water. If wastewater without additional chemical were screened by such method, along with ground-level horizontal concentration pool or drying bed, it was no longer necessary to set up a large area of flat-bed flowing sedimentation pool. It would be a very economically optimal method to effectively and conveniently utilize water resource, which not only reduce the produce of industrial waste, but also effectively use the natural earthly stone materials and water resource.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 河川疏濬土石來源及相關法規標準 3
2.1.1 疏濬土石來源 3
2.1.2 砂石品質規範 3
2.1.3 放流水標準 4
2.2 疏濬土石碎解洗選廢水 5
2.2.1 碎解洗選流程 5
2.2.2 洗選廢水水質 6
2.2.3 洗選廢水處理方式 7
2.3 黏性泥砂沉降 9
2.3.1 重力沉澱理論 9
2.3.2 水庫渾水潭之界面沉降 12
2.3.3 淨水污泥沉降 19
2.3.4 黏性顆粒沉降速度 21
第三章 研究方法及對象 28
3.1 研究架構及流程 28
3.2 廢水處理單元分析 30
3.3 沉澱單元評估參數 31
3.4 洗選廢水沉降實驗 31
3.5 洗選廢水處理流程優化假設 33
第四章 結果與討論 35
4.1 研究對象水污染防治許可資料彙整 35
4.2 評估用溢流率驗證 35
4.3 洗選廢水濃度調查 36
4.4 洗選廢水界面沉降試驗 39
4.5 洗選廢水處理效率評估 42
4.6 洗選廢水處理改善方案 44
4.7 洗選廢水處理與回收優化 46
第五章 結論與建議 50
5.1 結論 50
5.2 建議 51
附錄一 52
附錄二 54
參考文獻 56

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