臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著現今時代進步，鋼鐵成為不可或缺之民生必需品之一，因此鋼鐵工業也隨之蓬勃發展。而對鋼鐵製品的重量、品質要求，需求量也大幅增加，其中不鏽鋼的使用更是廣泛。而不鏽鋼製程中會使用到VOD(Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization)真空脫碳製程，在VOD製程中，鋼液進行混和及爐外精煉時，頂吹管是過程中所必須使用的工具。
本研究針對延長頂吹管(lance)壽命，達到降低生產成本的需求，以提高經濟效益，國內一耐火材料公司所製造之吹煉用之頂吹管於使用過程中，因耐火材材料與內部吹管因為受熱而膨脹，使其互相擠壓造成熱應力，導致中後期外部耐火材料較早出現橫、縱裂紋，從中間部位先變細，導致提早淘汰，進而增加生產成本。對於其提早汰換，壽命降低之因素進行探討研究。
因此本研究以三維有限元素分析法，針對其產品進行溫度及熱應力的模擬分析，模擬實際製程中熱應力對於頂吹管之影響，加以分析並研擬出最佳化之設計，以改善吹煉使用之頂吹管使用壽命。

With the progress of the modern society, steel has become one of the indispensable necessities for people's livelihood. As a result, the iron and steel industry has developed vigorously. The demand for the weight and quality of steel products has also increased substantially. Among them, stainless steel is widely used. Today, for stainless steel modeling process, VOD process is one of the else important procedure, in VOD process, when molten steel is mixed and refined outside the furnace, the top blowing pipe is the necessary tool in the process of desulfurization.
This research aims at prolonging lance's life, reducing production costs and improving economic benefits. The lance for blowing made by a domestic refractory company is used during the process because the refractory material and the internal blow pipe expand due to heat. The extrusion causes thermal stress, which leads to the early appearance of transverse and longitudinal cracks in exterior refractories in the middle and late stages, which is tapered from the middle part, leading to early elimination and increasing production cost. The factors affecting its early replacement and life reduction are discussed and studied.
Therefore, three-dimensional finite element analysis is used in this study. The temperature and thermal stress of the product are simulated and analyzed. To simulate the effect of thermal stress on top blowing pipe in actual process, the optimum design was analyzed and worked out to improve the service life of top blowing pipe.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2文獻回顧 2
1.2.1鋼鐵製程與不銹鋼製程 2
1.2.2 VOD法介紹 4
1.2.3鋼包吹氬 6
1.3研究動機與目的 9
1.4論文架構 11
第二章 相關理論介紹 12
2.1熱傳分析原理 12
2.1.1熱傳導 12
2.1.2熱對流 13
2.2熱應力原理與應變分析 14
第三章 數值模擬工具與有限元素分析方法 17
3.1有限元素法(FEM) 17
3.2有限元素法之熱傳分析 18
3.2.1有限元素熱傳方程式 18
3.2.2有限元素熱應力與應變分析 20
3.3有限元素軟體分析流程 21
3.3.1前處理(Pre-process) 22
3.3.2計算求解(Solver) 22
3.3.3後處理(Post-process) 22
3.4模擬分析流程 22
第四章 模型建構及數值分析 24
4.1幾何模型介紹 24
4.2幾何模型建構 24
4.2.1模型繪製 24
4.2.2網格劃分 27
4.3模擬參數設定 29
4.3.1材料參數設定 29
4.3.2邊界條件設置 30
4.4初始模型數值分析結果驗證 33
4.4.1溫度模型驗證 33
4.5模型數值分析結果 38
4.5.1模型之系統溫度分布結果 38
4.5.2模型之應力分析結果 42
第五章 最佳化模型設計之建構與數值分析 46
5.1最佳化設計之模型建構 46
5.2最佳化模型之系統溫度場計算結果分佈 52
5.2.1浸入鋼液之系統溫度場計算與結果分析 52
5.2.2拉至室溫之系統溫度場計算與結果分析 56
5.2.3最佳化模型之系統溫度場計算與結果分析 58
5.3最佳化模型之系統應力計算與結果分析 59
5.3.1浸入鋼液之系統應力計算與結果分析 62
5.3.2拉至室溫之系統應力計算與結果分析 62
5.4 lance於模型不同之設計之數據探討比較 63
第六章 模擬結果討論與未來展望 69
6.1結論 69
6.2未來展望 70
參考文獻 71

[1]J. W. E. Dipak Mazumdar, MODELING OF STEELMAKING PROCESSES. CRC Press, 2009
[2]能源查核與節約能源案例手冊 (工業爐節能技術手冊). 工業技術研究院能源與環境研究所, 2008, pp. 19,23.
[3]"Production of Stainless Steel: Part Two, https://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=KTS&NM=220.".
[4]"Production of Stainless Steels: Part Three, https://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=KTS&NM=237.".
[5]R. J. Choulet, "Stainless Steel Refining," Presented at AISE Seminar on June 5, 1997, in Detroit.
[6]D. R. Swinbourne, T. S. Kho, D. Langberg, B. Blanpain, and S. Arnout, "Understanding stainless steelmaking through computational thermodynamics Part 2 – VOD converting," Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 107-115, 2013.
[7]电炉炼钢原理及工艺. 冶金工业出版社, 1996, p. 248.
[8]B. A. a. S. K. Kawatra, "The Microstructure of the Pig Iron Nuggets," ISIJ International, vol. 47, No.1, pp. 53-61, 2007.
[9]S. Moaveni, Finite Element Analysis Theory and Application with ANSYS (3rd Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2007.
[10]鄭煇煌, "高爐爐腹以下爐襯應力解析," 精密工程學系所, 中興大學, 2012年, 2012.
[11]高. 漢, "利用有限元素法針對高溫預熱熔煉用噴嘴模組進行熱結構耦合模擬解析," 精密工程學系所, 中興大學, 2014年, 2014.
[12]J.-L. J. J. o. a. m. Chaboche, "Continuum damage mechanics: Part I—General concepts," vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 1988.
[13]J.-L. J. J. o. a. m. Chaboche, "Continuum damage mechanics: Part II—Damage growth, crack initiation, and crack growth," vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 65-72, 1988.
[14]J. Ramirez et al., "The influence of plasticity-induced crack closure on creep-fatigue crack growth in two heat-resistant steels," (in English), International Journal of Fatigue, Article vol. 125, pp. 291-298, Aug 2019.
[15]E. Blond, N. Schmitt, O. Arnould, F. Hild, J. Poirier, and P. Blumenfeld, "Prevalent Material Parameters Governing Spalling of a Slag-Impregnated Refractory," Key Engineering Materials, vol. 264-268, pp. 1751-1754, 2004.
[16]M. J. I. J. o. H. Wolfshtein and M. Transfer, "The velocity and temperature distribution in one-dimensional flow with turbulence augmentation and pressure gradient," vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 301-318, 1969.
[17]T. L. Bergman, F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, and A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[18]W. M. Rohsenow, J. P. Hartnett, and Y. I. Cho, Handbook of heat transfer. McGraw-Hill, 1998.