臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

貧窮是個亙古至今仍存在的議題，對於貧窮這個危險與壓力因子來說，受到衝擊最大的往往是女性，特別是女單親，更容易感受到貧窮對她們的剝奪與威脅，進一步地影響她們的適應狀況。但Patterson結合家庭壓力理論與復原力理論的家庭調適與適應模型卻從保護因子的觀點切入，認為女單親即使在高壓狀況，但如果擁有若干保護因素，則能夠協助她們因應艱困壓力，緩衝貧窮的負面效果，進而從貧窮壓力的情境中脫穎而出，而有較佳的適應狀況。過去有諸多質性研究探討女單親的復原歷程與復原特質，卻鮮少有研究歸納與驗證哪些復原力因子才是有效的保護因素。據此，本研究以量化方式與質性研究對話，驗證復原力因子對於貧窮女單親的影響效果，旨在辨識哪些因子能夠有效成為抗貧壓力之因素，也測試是否這些因子存在緩衝作用。故此，本研究之目的有三：（一）檢視女單親保護因素為何；（二）檢證貧窮經濟壓力、適應狀況，以及保護因素三者間的互動效果；（三）透過研究結果提供未來女單親相關政策之實務建議與研究指引。
　　本研究採用量化典範，以立意抽樣並結構式問卷，調查190位臺北地區（臺北市、新北市）家扶中心及社會救助科等四個提供貧窮女單親相關服務之單位，統計分析僅納入填答完整之176份有效問卷。為了確保資料的品質，研究採用G*Power計算樣本的考驗力，以及透過LISREL 8.80進行驗證性因素分析，並SPSS 18.0進行整體的模式的檢定、估計與分析。考驗力顯示整體考驗力達到 .98，犯型二誤差機率很低，有非常高的信心能拒斥虛無假設，使得後續推論是令人信服的；驗證性因素分析則也達到令人滿意的水準，指標指出變數間具有聚合效度與區辯效度，顯示變數間的關係可區辨與差異。
透過雙變項的分析發現，女單親的經濟壓力與其適應狀況、自我效能、人際溝通技巧以及自尊呈現負向相關；而適應狀況則與自我效能、人際溝通技巧、自尊、正向因應、家庭社會支持與同儕社會支持有正向關係。多元迴歸透過階層迴歸（hierarchical regression），以三個模式檢測不同變數對於適應狀況的影響。結果顯示：在控制的情形下，社經地位中的教育與職業可以預測適應狀況，教育程度較高、有全職工作者，有較好的適應狀況，此外，子女也能夠正向解釋女單親的適應狀況。不過，經濟壓力會減低女單親的適應狀況，但保護因素，如人際溝通技巧、自尊與家庭社會支持則能夠正向影響女單親的適應。此外，上述保護因素更存在調節效果（moderating effect），當納入以上三個復原力因子後，經濟壓力對於適應的負向影響便不存在，研就更顯示此三個復原力因子除了能夠緩衝女單親的經濟壓力對於適應的負向威脅外，更能夠在高壓情境中彰顯其保護效果。在低度經濟壓力下，自尊高的女單親其適應狀況要比自尊低的女單親來得好，不過在經濟壓力高時則自尊高低的適應並無差異；不過，如果女單親擁有較佳的家庭支持及人際溝通技巧，在經濟高壓情境下，此二因素將會彰顯保護效果，進而提升女單親的適應狀況。
根據上述研究發現，研究者建議將復原力的評估與提升納入相關方案與政策之處遇計畫與實務方針作為充權策略，透過家庭中心福利服務與相關自我訓練課程來提升其家庭支持與溝通技巧，來增強女單親因應經濟壓力威脅的能力，能夠為自己發聲；此外，成長團體與抒壓方案的介入，讓女單親能夠正確認識自己，進而瞭解自我的能量與界線，避免經濟高壓下所導致的情緒耗竭與適應低落狀況。最後，為了更多瞭解復原力因素在家庭中所扮演的角色，後續研究可透過觀察不同類型之家庭、納入其他可能因素、採用時間序列方式、或是以多元方法更多追蹤復原力對於適應的影響效果為何。

Poverty is an enduring social problem in the human history, and female-headed families with children are currently the most vulnerable population suffering of economic risks. The past literature has indicated that the resilience factors can buffer negative impact of economic strains and enhance family adjustment among single mothers according to Patterson’s Family Adjustment and Adaptive Response Model. However, the model was rarely tested in a quantitative sense. Therefore, this paper aimed to examine protective effect of the resilience factors in buffering economic strains among poor single mothers.
The study purposively sampled 190 participants from three non-profit organizations and one governmental agency at Taipei. Hierarchical regression analysis method was used to test the proposed model. LISREL 8.80 was used to test the measurement validity of the resilience factors used in the model, including economic strains, personal coping ability, social support, and family adjustment. Results indicated that economic strains were negatively associated with family adjustment, but family support and personal coping ability conversely had positive effects on family adjustment. The resilience factors also had moderate effect on family adjustment using simple slope analysis. Furthermore, family support and personal communication skill among the three resilience factors had protective-enhancing effect on family adjustment among these single mothers. However, single mothers with higher self-esteem had lower level of family adjustment in the situation of higher economic strains. Policy and practice implications in strengthening single mother’s resilience to cope with poverty situation are included in this research.

論文口試委員會審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 v
英文摘要 vii

第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景：女性貧窮風險與現象陳述 1
第二節　研究動機 4

第二章　文獻探討 6
第一節　女單親的貧窮女性化 6
第二節 復原力的基本概念與定義 13
第三節　復原力的理論基礎：FAAR與家庭壓力理論 20
第四節　解釋女單親適應的復原力因素 26

第三章　研究設計與方法 37
第一節　研究典範與選取考量 37
第二節 研究設計與假設 39
第三節　變項定義與測量 41
第四節　研究對象與抽樣方法 52
第五節　資料蒐集與研究倫理 54
第六節　資料分析方法 57
第七節　測量工具的信效度分析 59

第四章　研究發現 63
第一節　人口變數基本資料描述 63
第二節　女單親經濟壓力、復原保護因素與適應之雙變項關係 78
第三節　女單親經濟壓力、復原保護因素與適應之複迴歸分析 84
第四節　小結 97

第五章　結論與建議 99
第一節　研究發現與討論 100
第二節　建議 107
第三節　研究限制、研究貢獻與未來研究展望 116

參考文獻 123
附錄一：增強權能量表使用同意書 138
附錄二：正式施測問卷 139
附錄三：施測問卷開放式問題之回覆 147

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