臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

雙酚A(Bisphenol A，BPA)廣泛使用於日常用品中，牙齒填充材料、聚碳酸酯(Polycarbonate, PC)之塑膠產品，如水壺、嬰兒奶瓶、金屬罐頭內壁的環氧樹脂、其他種類塑膠之添加劑，如聚乙烯對苯二甲酸酯(Polyethylene terephthalate，PET)材質之寶特瓶等，均含有雙酚A的成分。雙酚A為環境荷爾蒙之ㄧ，其進入體內後，可模仿體內的荷爾蒙，干擾正常細胞功能的運作，造成人體或其他生物體健康之危害。
本研究針對台灣北區、中區、南區及東區之自來水及塑膠瓶裝水進行檢測，自來水分析樣本共131個，塑膠瓶裝水共48個。此外，搭配一般民眾環境荷爾蒙雙酚A暴露評估調查問卷，以推估成年人由飲水所造成之雙酚A暴露量，回收之有效問卷共142份。
研究結果顯示，塑膠瓶裝水之平均濃度7.70 ng/mL高於自來水之平均濃度2.89 ng/mL，塑膠瓶裝水100%檢出率也較自來水47%高出許多；各區自來水樣本之濃度及檢出率均未達統計上的顯著差異，以南區之濃度為最高，其次為北區、東區，中區濃度則為最低；塑膠瓶裝水不論以水源別(地面水體、地下水體、自來水及其他)區分或依瓶裝水所標示之水源出處(北區、中區、南區及東區)區分，濃度均未達統計上的顯著差異。此外，台灣成年人每日由飲水攝取雙酚A之攝取量為5.63 μg/day，以地區來看，南區最高，8.85 μg/day；北區次之，5.23 μg/day；中區最低，3.88 μg/day；南區及北區均是自來水攝取量高於瓶裝水，中區則反之。
本研究調查台灣自來水與塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之含量及國人由飲水雙酚A攝取量均高於國外文獻，國內目前對於雙酚A之管制，僅將其納入第四類毒性化學物質列管，期許之後政府能有更多的管制條例，降低環境之污染量。

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial chemical that used as an intermediate in the manufacture of various products such as epoxy resins, polycarbonate (PC), and dental sealants. BPA is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may cause harmful effects in animals and probably in humans. Previous studies suggested that the primary source of human exposure to BPA was through dietary intake. To our best knowledge, there was no study focusing on the exposure of BPA through drinking water in Taiwan. The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of BPA in bottled water and tap water and daily intake of BPA through these two exposure routes in Taiwan.
The results showed that BPA was present in all the bottled water tested, detection rate was 100%. The detection rate of BPA in tap water was only 47%. The BPA concentrations in bottled water and tap water ranged from 2.11 to 18.18 ng/mL and from 0.69 to 17.81 ng/mL, respectively. In Taiwan, tap water in southern Taiwan had the highest average concentration of BPA and in central Taiwan had the lowest, but they were not statistically significant different from each other. Bottle water in northern Taiwan had the highest average concentration of BPA and in central Taiwan had the lowest, they were not statistically significant different from each other, either. Daily BPA intake for adults was 5.63 μg/day. The daily BPA intake of people in southern Taiwan was the highest (8.85 μg/day) among Taiwanese and most of them were from tap water, while in central Taiwan was the lowest (3.88 μg/day) but most of them were from bottled water.
The level and daily intake of BPA in drinking water in this study was higher than other countries, There are a few studies and legislation specific to BPA in Taiwan. Further research in this field is necessary.

摘要 .....................................................i
Abstract ..............................................iii
目錄 .....................................................v
表目錄 ..................................................ix
圖目錄 ...................................................x
第一章 前言 .............................................1
第一節 研究背景及動機 ....................................1
第二節 研究目的 ..........................................3
第二章 文獻探討 .........................................4
第一節 雙酚A之物理、化學特性 .............................4
第二節 雙酚A之產量及用途 .................................4
第三節 雙酚A之環境流佈 ...................................5
一、空氣 .................................................5
二、水體環境 .............................................6
三、土壤 .................................................7
第四節 人類暴露雙酚A之途徑 ...............................8
一、經由飲食暴露 .........................................8
二、經由牙齒填充材料暴露 ................................12
三、經由皮膚接觸 ........................................13
第五節 雙酚A對健康之影響 ................................13
第六節 各國對雙酚A的管理 ................................15
第三章 材料與方法 ......................................17
第一節 材料 .............................................17
一、試藥 ................................................17
二、器材 .......................................17
三、儀器 ................................................17
第二節 方法 .............................................18
一、採樣策略 ............................................18
二、標準品製備 ..........................................19
三、試劑配置 ............................................19
四、樣本前處理方法 ......................................20
五、儀器設定條件 ........................................21
六、分析方法之品保品管 ..................................21
七、飲水總攝取量估計 ....................................22
八、統計分析 ............................................23
第四章 結果 .............................................24
第一節 分析方法之品保與品管 .............................24
一、自來水 ..............................................24
二、塑膠瓶裝水 ..........................................24
第二節 自來水與塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之濃度 ..................24
第三節 各地區自來水中雙酚A濃度之比較 ....................25
第四節 塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A濃度之比較 ......................25
一、以水源別區分 ........................................25
二、以地區區分 ..........................................26
第五節 各地區國人飲水中雙酚A之攝取量 ...................26
一、成年人基本資料 ......................................26
二、成年人之每日飲水量 ..................................27
三、成年人每日由飲水攝取雙酚A之攝取量 ...................28
第五章 討論 ...........................................30
第一節 自來水與塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之濃度 .................30
第二節 各地區自來水中雙酚A濃度之比較 ...................30
第三節 塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A濃度之比較 .....................31
第四節 各地區國人飲水中雙酚A之攝取量 ....................32
第五節 本研究方法之討論 .................................33
第六章 結論 ............................................34
參考文獻 ................................................36
表 ......................................................42
圖 ......................................................53
附錄 一般民眾環境荷爾蒙雙酚A暴露評估調查問卷 ............58

表目錄
表一 2007年全球各地雙酚A年產量 ..........................42
表二 台灣雙酚A之輸出量與輸入量 ..........................43
表三 各國雙酚A之特定遷移限值及每日最大容許量之標準 ......44
表四 自來水與塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A分析方法之品保品管 ........45
表五 台灣自來水及塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之濃度 ................46
表六 台灣北、中、南和東四區之自來水中雙酚A之濃度 ........47
表七 塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之濃度 ............................48
表八 塑膠瓶裝水中雙酚A之濃度 ............................49
表九 採樣對象之基本資料 .................................50
表十 成年人之每日飲水量 .................................51
表十一 成年人每日由飲水攝取雙酚A之攝取量 ................52

圖目錄
圖一 雙酚A之化學結構 ....................................53
圖二 台灣地區雙酚A之出口量 ..............................54
圖三 雙酚A之檢量線 ......................................55
圖四 0.5ppm之雙酚A標準品圖譜 ............................56
圖五 自來水樣本圖譜 .....................................57
圖六 塑膠瓶裝水水樣本圖譜 ...............................57

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