臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在類比信號處理應用上，如濾波器、振盪器或是阻抗函數合成器等，建構在電流傳輸器上的電流式電路越來越受到重視。除了上述之應用，由於第三代電流傳輸器(CCIII)有著IY=-IX與輸入端X、Y兩點間虛短路之特性，因此非常適合應用在電流感測上。然而，大部分文獻上所提出的CCIII架構，因為受限於AB類輸入級的關係，而無法使其操作在低工作電壓之下。
基於改善上述之低工作電壓之限制，因此本篇論文提出低電壓高效能的第一代電流傳輸器(CCI)和第三代電流傳輸器(CCIII)。本篇所提設計之CCIII是建構在本論文所提之CCI。而本篇所設計之CCI是由”半”AB類輸入級(half class AB input stage)和寬擺幅電流鏡(wide-swing current mirror)所構成。
本篇所提之CCI及CCIII效能結果，採用TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process model並經由Cadence Spectre 模擬軟體驗證而得。由模擬結果得知，本篇所提之CCI與CCIII在工作電壓為1.8V時，有良好的準確度及頻率響應。
在CCI和CCIII中，電壓(電流)轉換精確度(VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX)至少可達到0.96。此外CCI的Pre-simulation VX/VY, IZ+/IX 和 IZ-/IX 之f-3dB，分別為2.34GHz, 212.67MHz, 167.7MHz。而CCIII的Pre-simulation VX/VY, IZ+/IX 和 IZ-/IX 之f-3dB，分別為2.34GHz, 212.56MHz and 100.55MHz。

Current conveyor based current-mode circuits get lots of attention in analog signal processing applications, such as filter, oscillator and impedance function synthesis, etc. Besides these applications, the third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) as a result of its IY=-IX and virtual short circuit between X and Y input ports characteristics, is very suitable especially for the current sensing application. For most of the proposed CCIIIs, however, they suffered from can not be operated at low supply voltage due to their class-AB input stage topology.
Therefore, low voltage high performance first and third-generation current conveyor suitable for low voltage applications are presented in this thesis. The presented third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) is designed based on the proposed first-generation current conveyor (CCI) which consists of a “half” class-AB input stage and wide-swing current mirror.
Simulation results using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process model show that proposed CCI and CCIII performs good accuracy and frequency response at 1.8V supply voltage. The simulated voltage (current) transfer accuracy (VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX) of the proposed CCI and CCIII is better than 0.96. The CCI Pre-simulation f-3dB frequencies for VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX are 2.34GHz, 212.67MHz, 167.7MHz. The CCIII Pre-simulation f-3dB frequencies for VX/VY, IZ+/IX and IZ-/IX are 2.34GHz, 212.56MHz and 100.55MHz, respectively.

第一章 導論.........................................................................................................1
1-1 研究動機…........................................................................................1
1-2 論文章節…........................................................................................2
第二章 電流傳輸器之簡介.................................................................................3
2-1 Nullor模型.........................................................................................3
2-2 第一代電流傳輸器(CCI)..................................................................5
2-3 第二代電流傳輸器(CCII).................................................................6
2-4 第三代電流傳輸器(CCIII)................................................................7
第三章 CMOS低電壓高效能第一代電流傳輸器.............................................9
3-1 傳統CMOS CCI電路架構在工作電壓上的缺點............................9
3-2 低電壓高效能CMOS CCI..............................................................10
3-2.1 “Half”Class-AB 輸入級....................................................10
3-2.2 寬擺幅電流鏡(Wide-swing current mirror)...........................11
3-2.3低電壓高效能CMOS CCI電路架構.....................................13
3-2.4低電壓高效能CMOS CCI之精準度......................................14
3-3 低電壓高效能CMOS CCI模擬結果.............................................20
第四章 CMOS低電壓高效能第三代電流傳輸器...........................................27
4-1 CMOS低電壓高效能CCIII之設計................................................27
4-2 CMOS低電壓高效能CCIII模擬結果............................................29
4-3 CMOS低電壓高效能CCIII應用於電流感測器............................36
第五章 結論與展望...........................................................................................38
5-1結論...................................................................................................38
5-1未來展望...........................................................................................38
第六章 參考文獻...............................................................................................39



圖目錄
圖2-1 Nullor 模型................................................................................................3
圖2-2 Nullator模型..............................................................................................4
圖2-3 Norator模型...............................................................................................4
圖2-4(a)正型Norator............................................................................................4
圖2-4(b)負型Norator............................................................................................4
圖2-5 CCI之元件符號.........................................................................................5
圖2-6 CCI之Nullor等效模型圖........................................................................5
圖2-7 CMOS Class AB CCI.................................................................................6
圖2-8 CCII之元件符號.......................................................................................7
圖2-9 CCII之Nullor等效模型...........................................................................7
圖2-10 CCIII之元件符號....................................................................................8
圖2-11 CCIII之Nullor等效模型.........................................................................8
圖2-12 Conventional CMOS CCIII......................................................................8
圖3-1 以Class-AB作為輸入級之CCI方塊圖..................................................9
圖3-2 Class-AB current amplifier.......................................................................11
圖3-3 串疊電流鏡.............................................................................................12
圖3-4 Wide-swing cascade電流鏡.....................................................................12
圖3-5 CMOS implementation of the proposed CCI...........................................13
圖3-6 CCI之偏壓電路.......................................................................................14
圖3-7(a) VX/VY推導簡化電路...........................................................................15
圖3-7(b) VX/VY推導等效電路...........................................................................15
圖3-8(a) IZ/IX推導簡化電路..............................................................................17
圖3-8(b) IZ/IX推導等效電路..............................................................................18
圖3-9(a) IZ-/IX推導簡化電路.............................................................................19
圖3-9(b) IZ-/IX推導等效電路.............................................................................19
圖3-10 CCI之佈局圖.........................................................................................21
圖3-11 CCI Y端接電壓源VIN之VX對VY 的Pre-simulation結果..................22
圖3-12 CCI Y端接電壓源VIN之VX對VY的Post-simulation結果..................22
圖3-13 CCI X端接電流源IIN對IX、IY、IZ+、IZ-之Pre-simulation結果..............23
圖3-14 CCI X端接電流源IIN對IX、IY、IZ+、IZ-之Post-simulation結果.............23
圖3-15 CCI VX/VY之頻率響應Pre-simulation結果.........................................24
圖3-16 CCI VX/VY之頻率響應Post-simulation結果........................................24
圖3-17 CCI IY/IX、IZ+ /IX及IZ- /IX之頻率響應Pre-simulation結果...................25
圖3-18 CCI IY/IX、IZ+ /IX及IZ- /IX之頻率響應Post-simulation結果..................25
圖4-1 本論文所提之CCIII電路方塊示意圖...................................................28
圖4-2 本論文所提之CCIII電路架構...............................................................28
圖4-3 CCII之佈局圖..........................................................................................30
圖4-4 CCIII Y端接電壓源之VX對VY之Pre-simulation結果.........................30
圖4-5 CCIII Y端接電壓源之VX對VY之Post-simulation結果.......................31
圖4-6 CCIII X端接電流源IIN對IX、IY、IZ+、IZ-之Pre-simulation結果..............31
圖4-7 CCIII X端接電流源IIN對IX、IY、IZ+、IZ-之Post-simulation結果............32
圖4-8 CCIII VX/VY之頻率響應Pre-simulation結果.........................................32
圖4-9 CCIII VX/VY之頻率響應Pre-simulation結果.........................................33
圖4-10 CCIII IY/IX、IZ+ /IX及IZ- /IX之頻率響應Pre-simulation結果.................33
圖4-11 CCIII IY/IX、IZ+ /IX及IZ- /IX之頻率響應Post-simulation結果...............34
圖4-12 Current sensor based on the proposed CCIII..........................................36
圖4-13 The proposed CCIII based current sensor performance.........................37




表目錄
表3-1 Pre-simulation and Post-simulation results of the proposed CCI.............26
表4-1 Pre-simulation and Post-simulation results of the proposed CCIII..........35
表4-2. Performance Comparisons.......................................................................35

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