臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文旨在利用當代主流音韻理論—優選理論來分析魯凱霧台方言的迴聲元音現象。迴聲元音是一種元音加插的音韻現象，其特殊之處在於加插的元音，其音質是由鄰近的元音所決定。本文的研究結果顯示，魯凱霧台方言底層形式中，存在著CVC的音節形式，但由於輔音音段（除滑音之外）在表層形式中無法置於韻尾位置的要求，故迴聲元音必須在表層加插於韻尾位置的輔音後面。
此外，本論文更進一步地解釋魯凱霧台方言迴聲元音的兩個特殊現象：（i）就加插形式而言，迴聲元音皆會相同於前面音節元音的音質，唯一的例外是當前面音節的元音為/a/時，迴聲元音反而選擇/ə/作為迴聲元音；（ii）迴聲元音在重音指派的過程中並不能被納入韻步當中。
針對加插形式的理論分析，經跨語言迴聲元音加插形式的比較論證，本文認為迴聲元音加插現象是在語言內部音韻機制與感知的交互作用下形成，故分析上本論文使用Uffmann (2001, 2004, 2006)的自主音段制約和Steriade (2008)的感知對照理論來解釋此現象。首先，自主音段制約解釋魯凱霧台方言內部的音韻機制決定使用元音和諧的策略來加插元音，並在/a/元音不能進行元音和諧的動作時，轉而選擇預設元音加插策略之過程。再者，感知對照理論說明魯凱霧台方言在使用預設元音加插策略時，如何受到感知的影響而選擇/ə/作為預設加插元音。
針對迴聲元音不能被納入韻步的部分，本論文在優選理論分析上運用了Alderete (1999)所提出的HEADDEP（即任何加插元音不能存在於韻步之中的制約）以後，便能順利地預測出有迴聲元音之詞彙的重音落點、滑音形成、長元音的存在與否等與重音指派相關之現象。

This thesis investigates echo vowels in Budai Rukai (an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan) from an Optimality Theory perspective. An echo vowel is an epenthetic element which is identical to the vowel in the preceding syllable. In my observation, Budai Rukai has CVC in underlying forms. However, due to the prohibition that consonants can not appear in the coda position in surface form, an echo vowel must be inserted after the final coda consonant of a word.
Two phenomena of echo vowels are discussed in this study: (i) in terms of form, an echo vowel is in general the same as the vowel in the preceding syllable. However, when the vowel in the preceding syllable is /a/, the echo vowel becomes /ə/; (ii) echo vowels can not be parsed in foot.
Through a cross-linguistic comparison of echo vowels, this thesis assumes that echo epenthesis is formed by the interaction between phonological system and perception. So this thesis follows the framework of autosegmental constraints (Uffmann 2001, 2004, 2006) and P-map (Steriade 2008) to explain the behavior of echo vowels. First, the autosegmental constraints explain that the phonological system of Budai Rukai uses the vowel harmony strategy to insert echo vowels. However, when the preceding vowel is /a/, it will switch to the default vowel insertion strategy. Second, P-map explains that perception might play a role in the choice of the default vowel /ə/ when Budai Rukai using the default vowel insertion strategy.
As for the phenomenon that echo vowels can not be parsed in foot, we can assume the constraint HEADDEP (i.e. any insertion vowel can not exist in foot) to predict the right form of stress assignment, glide formation, and whether long vowels are independent phonemes in words that have echo vowels.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝辭 iii
符號與縮寫目錄 iv
中英文名詞對照表（以筆劃多寡排序） vi
目錄 x
圖目錄 xiv
表目錄 xv
第一章 緒論 1
1.1. 研究動機 1
1.2. 研究方法 2
1.3. 魯凱霧台方言概述 3
1.4. 魯凱語音韻相關文獻回顧 9
1.5. 理論背景介紹 13
1.6. 本論文架構 20
第二章 魯凱霧台方言基礎音韻系統介紹 24
2.1. 輔音 24
2.1.1. 輔音音位系統列表 24
2.1.2. 輔音音位語音描述 25
2.1.3. 輔音在字首與元音的語音環境中之分布 28
2.2. 元音 30
2.2.1. 元音音位系統列表 30
2.2.2. 元音語音描述 31
2.2.3. 元音的音位配列限制 32
2.2.4. 元音的長度 34
2.2.4.1. 長短元音長度上的語音測量實驗 35
2.2.4.2. 長元音的分布 39
2.3. 音節結構劃分 42
2.3.1. 起首（Onset） 43
2.3.2. 韻核（Nucleus） 44
2.3.3. 韻尾（Coda） 45
2.3.4. 音節結構和音節重量 49
2.3.5. 音節劃分之優選理論分析 51
2.4. 滑音的形成 56
2.4.1. 滑音的形成模式 57
2.4.2. 滑音形成之優選理論分析 59
2.5. 本章小結 65
第三章 迴聲元音現象介紹 67
3.1. 探討迴聲元音前的構詞基礎知識：詞根與詞綴 67
3.1.1. 詞根（root） 68
3.1.2. 前綴（prefix） 69
3.1.3. 後綴（suffix） 70
3.1.4. 中綴（infix） 71
3.1.5. 環綴（circumfix） 71
3.2. 迴聲元音的分布與出現意義 72
3.2.1. 迴聲元音在魯凱霧台方言中之分布 72
3.2.2. 迴聲元音的出現原因之理論分析 75
3.2.3. 迴聲元音的出現意義 77
3.3. 迴聲元音的加插形式 77
3.3.1. 迴聲元音加插形式 78
3.3.2. 借詞中的迴聲加插形式 79
3.3.3. 其他和魯凱霧台方言迴聲元音加插形式類似的語言 80
3.4. 迴聲元音加插形式理論分析 84
3.4.1. 迴聲元音加插分析之理論架構 84
3.4.1.1. 關於元音的部位徵性 84
3.4.1.2. 利用自主音段表現形式來呈現加插形式的制約 87
3.4.2. 魯凱霧台方言迴聲加插形式分析 92
3.4.3. 自主音段制約在分析上的問題 95
3.5. 本章小結 96
第四章 迴聲元音共時比較研究 98
4.1. 霧台魯凱方言和其他語言迴聲加插策略之綜合比較 98
4.1.1. Selayarese的迴聲加插形式 99
4.1.2. Maori的迴聲加插形式 100
4.1.3. Sranan的迴聲加插形式 102
4.1.4. Akan的迴聲加插形式 103
4.1.5. 語言加插策略綜合比較 106
4.1.6. Selayarese迴聲加插策略之理論分析 109
4.1.7. Maori迴聲加插策略之理論分析 110
4.1.8. Sranan迴聲加插策略之理論分析 112
4.1.9. Akan迴聲加插策略之理論分析 115
4.1.10. 魯凱霧台方言和四個語言迴聲加插現象之理論分析比較 118
4.2. 迴聲加插相關現象之綜合比較 120
4.3. 魯凱霧台方言迴聲加插現象對借詞音韻理論的影響 122
4.3.1. 借詞元音加插現象理論之回顧 123
4.3.1.1. 借詞理論背景概述 123
4.3.1.2. P-map（Perception-map，感知對照理論）介紹 124
4.3.2. 魯凱霧台方言迴聲加插形式於音韻系統規則派的支持 126
4.3.3. 魯凱霧台預設加插元音對P-map的影響 128
4.3.4. P-map修改後對預設加插元音音質之預測 135
4.4. 本章小結 138
第五章 迴聲元音和重音指派的不一致現象 140
5.1. 重音指派 140
5.1.1. 重音指派的模式 142
5.1.2. 重音指派的優選理論分析 147
5.1.3. 重音指派與長元音之分析 150
5.1.4. 重音指派與滑音形成之分析 153
5.1.5. 迴聲元音所造成之分析錯誤情形 155
5.2. 重音與迴聲元音的交互關係 156
5.2.1. 重音指派與迴聲元音之間的分析不一致現象 157
5.2.2. 此議題的文獻回顧 158
5.2.3. HEADDEP制約的應用與分析 161
5.3. 本章小結 163
第六章 結論 164
6.1. 本文總結 164
6.2. 與本文相關後續議題發展 167
參考文獻 172
附錄一：制約列表 177
附錄二：魯凱霧台方言長短元音對比實驗 181
附錄三：錄音光碟簡介 186

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