臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

辣椒生殖生長的適溫為20-25℃，溫度若高於32℃會造成落花落果，導致產量下降，缺乏耐熱品種是台灣夏季栽培的限制因子。本論文以1997年夏季挑選出具耐熱潛力的株系，和現今產區普遍使用的品種作對照，在不同溫度及季節環境下，比各品系（種）生長變化和差異，並評估其穩定性程度。
辣椒在20-25℃的環境下植株生長最佳，著果及果實生長良好，使得春季的產量最高。高於32℃的高溫會降低花粉活力而使著果率下降，並抑制果實生長，導致夏季的產量降低；但高溫會增加分岔數目而提高開花數，因此採收果數最多。秋冬季試驗試驗期間多在低於15℃的低溫環境下，使得植株受寒害嚴重影響，造成著果率下降，採收果數減少，因此產量最低。
對照品種 ‘生生三號’和 ‘英雄’皆為一代雜交種，具有雜種優勢，生長勢強，因此在春季及秋冬季皆有良好的著果率、果實生長和產量表現。 ‘生生三號’夏季果實生長受高溫抑制最嚴重，導致其產量下降量為參試品系（種）之冠，所以‘生生三號’為高產、低穩定度的品種。86-3在不同季節的整體表現不但高產且穩定性。86-3的花粉活力在高溫下雖然受到抑制，但具有單為著果的特性，雌雄蕊的位置也最適於授粉進行，所以著果率不受高溫影響；而分岔節角度大、分岔節間短的株型有利於光合產物的獲得。86-2在夏季產量僅次於86-3，但在其它季節的表現偏低，可能具耐熱特性，但需要進一步的探討。86-5在秋冬季受寒害較輕微；其產量在夏季和春季的產量偏低，但在秋冬季的產量則高於參試品系（種）的平均表現。86-1在各季的產量皆為最低。 86-1與86-5皆未達到農業上的穩定標準，反而較符合生物上的穩定要求。

Favorable temperature for reproductive growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is between 20 to 25℃, and heat stress (>32℃) causes seriously flower or young fruit drop, and ultimately reduces yield. Lack of heat tolerant cultivars limits hot pepper production in summer in Taiwan. The objectives of this thesis were to compare the growth of hot pepper lines screened in summer of 1997 and the commercial cultivars in different temperatures and seasons, and to analyze the stability of yield and fruit quality.
Pepper plants had the best growth, fruit setting, and production in spring of 1999 for the suitable growth temperature. Although harvested fruits were highest in summer of 1998 due to the increase of dichotomous branches and flowering, temperature higher than 32℃ reduced pollen viability and limited fruit setting and growth, and thus decreased the overall production. In autumn-winter of 1999, low temperature (<15℃) injured leaves and branches seriously, and decreased the fruit setting, harvested fruits, and total yield.
The F1 hybrids ‘EG NO.3’ and ‘Hero’ had the better plant and fruit growth, fruit setting, and yield than other cultivars and lines in spring and autumn-winter field experiments for heterosis. However, the suppression in fruit growth of ‘EG NO.3’ in summer resulted in the greatest reduce in production compared with those of the other two tested seasons. ‘EG NO.3’ was with low stability of yield between seasons although high-yielding. 86-3 was high in yield and exhibited stable between seasons. Parthenocarpy and the best orientation between stigma and anther might compromise low pollen viability under heat stress; thus the fruit setting of 86-3 was not effected by high temperature. Besides, the special plant type of 86-3, higher dichotomous branching angle and shorter internode length, might benefit photosynthesis. The summer production of 86-2 was next to 86-3, although the yielding of the other two seasons was relatively lower among tested lines. 86-2 might carry heat-tolerant character; however, further investigation might be needed. 86-5 was observed less chilling injured than other tested lines. The autumn-winter production of 86-5 was above average among the tested lines although its summer and spring production was below average. 86-1 was lowest in production at all seasons. The stability of 86-1 and 86-5 was agreed with biological, but not agronomic concepts.

中文摘要......................................................1
引 言........................................................2
第一章 前人研究...............................................4
一、高溫逆境對作物生長發育的影響..............................4
(一)、高溫逆境對作物營養生長的影響............................5
(二)、高溫逆境對作物生殖生長的影響............................9
(三)、造成高溫逆境下落花的內在生理因子.......................16
二、減輕高溫傷害及提升耐熱性的方式...........................19
(一)、改善高溫傷害的措施.....................................19
(二)、改善作物的耐熱遺傳特性.................................22
三、作物的穩定性.............................................28
(一)、穩定性的定義...........................................29
(二)、穩定性的估算方式.......................................30
(三)、直線迴歸模式在作物穩定性分析上的應用...................31
第二章 溫度對辣椒品系（種）間生長的影響......................34
一、前 言...................................................34
二、材料與方法...............................................34
三、結 果...................................................37
(一)、植株外型...............................................37
(二)、花器的生長.............................................38
(三)、著果率及果實的生長.....................................39
四、討 論...................................................41
第三章 季節對辣椒品系（種）間生長的影響......................58
一、前 言...................................................58
二、材料與方法...............................................58
三、結 果...................................................58
(一)、夏季田間試驗 (1998年)..................................62
(二)、春季田間試驗 (1999年)..................................65
(三)、秋冬季田間試驗 (1999年)................................67
四、討 論...................................................70
第四章 辣椒品系（種）的產量及果實品質之穩定性分析...........105
一、前 言..................................................105
二、材料與方法..............................................105
三、結 果..................................................107
四、討 論..................................................108
參考文獻....................................................124
英文摘要....................................................139
附錄........................................................141

朱德民. 1995. 植物與環境逆境. 明文書局.
李文汕. 高溫逆境對植物形態發育及生理反應之影響. 作物之遺傳育種及生理栽培. 台灣省臺中區農業改良場特刊 30: 247-255.
呂秀英. 1988. 穩定性分析. 科學農業 36(11-12): 333-339.
呂秀英、曾清田. 1993. 非介量穩定性分析法之研究II. 農業觀念之穩定性選拔. 中華農學會報 164:1-16.
李曙軒. 1984. 蔬菜栽培生理. 上海出版社.
阮育奇、林俊彥譯. 1997. 番茄栽培與營養、生理障害。 財團法人農友社會福利基金會.
洪進雄. 1995. 台灣茄果類蔬菜產業之現況及展望. 台灣蔬菜產業改進研討會專集pp.39-110.
洪進雄、曹幸之. 1995. 辣椒產業現況及展望. 興農雜誌317: 88-93.
洪進雄、陳士略編譯. 1988. 番椒屬之起源及其分佈. 中國園藝 34(3): 160-176.
洪進雄、陳士略. 1996. 植物生長調節劑對不耐熱小果番茄夏季生育及結果之影響. 嘉義農專學報 49:107-122.
曹幸之. 1992. 辣椒栽培. 台灣省政府農林廳.
張武男. 1995. 台灣農家要覽農作篇（二）-番椒. 豐年社. pp. 437-440
張連宗. 1988. 番椒品種改良. 蔬菜品種改良研討會pp.145-172.
陳惠美、郭忠吉. 1993 番茄之耐熱性與夏季增產之展望. 蔬菜生產與發展研討會專刊pp.169-180.
陳益明、林秋榮. 1985. 植物的熱休克反應. 科學發展 13(9): 1053-1071.
曾夢蛟、李本湘. 1988. 高溫逆境與作物品種改良. 蔬菜品種改良研討會專刊. pp.185-192.
曾夢蛟、羅意珊. 1993. 菜豆耐熱品系之篩選. 中國園藝 39(1): 30-41.
黃澄輝譯. 1993. 番椒病蟲害田間手冊. 亞洲蔬菜研究發展中心. pp. 84-85.
楊文振. 1993. 高屏地區辣椒產況之調查. 台灣農業 29(6): 54-57.
鄔宏潘. 1972. 植物的適應性及其評價方法. 科學農業 20(1/2): 108-136.
劉依昌、傅成美、陳正次、陳農哲. 1997. 小果番茄「臺南亞蔬6號」之育成. 臺南區農業改良場研究彙報 34:1-13.
劉國勤編. 1984. 辣椒栽培技術. 科學技術文獻出版社重慶分社.
蔣先明編. 1995. 蔬菜栽培生理學. 中國農業出版社.
蔡平里. 1976. 番椒果實辣味成分之研究（四）番椒品質及生產之關係. 中國園藝 22(1): 34-38.
蔡金川、李孟穎、蕭吉雄譯. 1997. 胡瓜栽培與營養、生理障害. 財團法人農友社會福利基金會.
戴喬治. 1972. 植物產量穩定性的意義及測定. 科學農業 20(1/2): 99-107.
Abdul-Baki, A. A. 1991. Tolerance of tomato cultivars and selected germplasm to heat stress. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116(6): 1113-1116.
Abdul-Baki, A. A. and J. R. Stommel. 1995. Pollen viability and fruit set of tomato genotypes under optimum- and high-temperature regimes. HortScience 30(1): 115-117.
Abrol, Y. P. and K. T. Ingram. 1996. Effects of higher day and night temperatures on growth and yields of some crop plants. In: Bazzaz, F. and W. Sombroek (ed.) Global climate change and agricultural production: direct and indirect effects of changing hydrological, pedological, and plant physiological processes. Academic, New York.
Adams, P. and Ho, L. C. 1993. Effects of environment on the uptake and distribution of calcium in tomato and on the incidence of blossom-end rot. Plant and Soil 154:127-132.
Adams, R. M., R. A. Fleming, C. C. Chang, B. A. McCarl, and Rosenzweig. 1995. Economic effects of global climate change on US agriculture. Clim. Change 30:147-167.
Adegoroye, A. S. and P. A. Jolliffe. 1983. Inhibition and control of sunscald injury of tomato fruits. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108:23-28.
Ahmed, F. E., A. E. Hall, and D. A. DeMason. 1992. Heat injury during floral development in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Am. J. Bot. 79(7): 784-791.
Ali, A. M. and W. C. Kelly. 1993. Effect of pre-anthesis temperature on the size and shape of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit. Sci Hortic. 54:97-105.
Allard, R. W. and A. D. Bradshaw. 1964. Implications of genotype-environmental interactions In applied plant breeding. Crop Sci. 4:503-507.
Aloni, B., L. Karni, and I. Rylski. 1995. Inhibition of heat induced pepper (Capsicum annuum) flower abscission and induction of fruit malformation by silver thiosulphate. J. Hortic. Sci. 70(2): 215-220.
Aloni, B., T. Pashkar, and L. Karni. 1991. Partitioning of [14C] sucrose and acid invertase activity in reproductive organs of pepper plants in relation to their abscission under heat stress. Ann. Bot. 67:371-377.
Aloni, B., L. Karni, Z. Zaidman, Y. Riov, M. Huberman, and R. Goren. 1994. The susceptibility of pepper (Capsicum annuum) to heat Induced flower abscission: possible Involvement of ethylene. J. Hortic. Sci. 69(5): 923-928.
Anderson, A. J. 1994. Production of methanol from heat-stressed pepper and corn leaf disks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119(3): 468-472.
Anderson, J., G. McCollum, and W. Roberts. 1990. High temperature acclimation in pepper leaves. HortScience 25(10): 1272-1274.
Andrews, J. 1984. Peppers: the domesticated Capsicums. University of Texas press, Austin.
AVRDC. 1988a. 1986 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
AVRDC. 1988b. 1988 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
AVRDC. 1990a. 1988 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
AVRDC. 1990b. 1989 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
AVRDC. 1993a. 1990 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
AVRDC. 1993b. 1992 Progress Report Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Shanhua, Taiwan.
Bakker, J. C. 1989. The effects of temperature on flowering, fruit set and fruit development of glasshouse sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Hortic. Sci. 64(3): 313-320.
Bakker, J. C. and J. A. M. van Uffelen. 1988. The effects of diurnal temperature regimes on growth and yield of glasshouse sweet pepper. Neth. j. Agric. Sci. 36:201-208.
Bangerth, F. 1979. Calcium-related physiological disorders of plants. Ann Rev. Phytopathol. 17:97-122.
Bar-Tsur, A., J. Rudich, and B. Bravdo. 1985a. High temperature effects on CO2 gas exchange in heat-tolerant and sensitive tomatoes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:582-586.
Bar-Tsur, A., J. Rudich, and B. Bravdo. 1985b. Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal resistance to gas exchange in tomato plants under high temperatures. J. Hort. Sci. 60(3): 405-410.
Becker, H. C. 1981. Correlations among some statistical measures of phenotypic stability. Euphytica 30:835-840.
Becker, H. C. and J. Leon 1988. Stability analysis in plant breeding. Plant breeding 101:1-23.
Berry, J. A. and O. Bjorkman. 1980. Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31:491-543.
Berry, S. Z., M. R. Uddin, W. A. Gould, A. D. Bisges, and G. D. Dyer. 1988. Stability in fruit yield, soluble solids, and citric acid of eight machine-harvested processing tomato cultivars in northern Ohio. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113(4): 604-608.
Bjorkman, O., M. R. Badger, and P. A. Armomd. 1980. Adaptation to high temperature stress. In: Turner, N. C. and P. J. Kramer (ed.) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Bouwkamp, J. C. and W. L. Summers. 1982. Inheritance of resistance to temperature-drought stress in the snap bean. J. Her. 73:385-386.
Breese, E. L. 1969. The measurement and significance of genotype-environment interactions in grasses. Heredity 24:27-44.
Brewbaker, J. L. and B. H. Kwack. 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Am. J. Bot. 50(9): 859-864.
Chaisompongpan, N., P. H. Li, D. W. Davis, and A. H. Markhart III. 1990. Photosynthesis response to heat stress in common bean genotypes differing in heat acclimation potential. Crop Sci. 30:100-104.
Chaves, M. M. 1991. Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 42(234): 1-16.
Chen, H. H., Z. Y. Shen, and P. H. Li. 1982. Adaptability of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sci. 22:719-725.
Clapham, W. M. and H. V. Marsh. 1987. Relationships of vegetative growth and pepper yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:521-530.
Cochran, H. L. 1932. Factors affecting flowering and fruit setting In the pepper. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 29: 434-437.
Cochran, H. L. 1936. Some factors influencing growth and fruit setting in the pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). Cornell Agr. Expt. Stat. Memoir 190. 39 p.
Cochran, H. L. 1938. A morphological study of flower and seed development in pepper. J. Agr. Res. 56(6): 395-419.
Dane, F., A. G. Hunter, and O. L. Chambliss. 1991. Fruit set, pollen fertility, and combining ability of selected tomato genotypes under high-temperature field conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116(5): 906-910.
Dinar, M and J. Rudich. 1985a. Effect of heat stress on assimilate partitioning in tomato. Ann. Bot. 56:239-248.
Dinar, M and J. Rudich. 1985b. Effect of heat stress on assimilate metabolism in tomato flower buds. Ann. Bot. 56:249-257.
Dorland, R. E. and F. W. Went. 1947. Plant growth and controlled conditions. VIII. Growth and fruiting of the chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). Amer. J Bot. 34:393-401.
Eberhart, S. A. and W. A. Russell. 1966. Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci. 6:36-40.
El Ahmadi, A. B. and M. A. Stevens. 1979a. Reproductive responses of heat-tolerant tomatoes to high temperatures. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(5): 686-691.
El Ahmadi, A. B. and M. A. Stevens. 1979b. Genetics of high-temperature fruit set in the tomato. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(5): 691-696.
Finlay, K.W. and G. N. Wilkinson. 1963. The analysis of adaptation in a plant breeding programme. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 14:742-754.
Fisher, R. A. 1926. The arrangement of field experiments. J. Min. Agric. 33:503-513.
Freeman, G. H. 1973. Statistical methods for the analysis of genotype-environment interactions. Heredity 31:339-354.
George, W. L. Jr, J. W. Scott., and W. E. Splittstoesser. 1984. Parthenocarpy in tomato. Hort. Rev. 6:65-84.
Gifford, R. M., J. H. Thorne, W. D. Hitz, and R. T. Giaquinta. 1984. Crop productivity and photoassimilate partitioning. Science 225:801-808.
Gillaspy, G., H. Ben-David, and W. Gruissem. 1993. Fruit: A development perspective. The Plant Cell 5:1439-1451.
Gosselin, A. and M. J. Trudel. 1986. Root-zone temperature effects on pepper. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111(2): 220-224.
Gull, D. D., P. J. Stoffella, S. J. Locascio, S. M. Olson, H. H. Bryan, P. H. Everett, T. K. Howe, and J. W. Scott. 1989. Stability differences among fresh-market tomato genotypes: II. fruit quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114(6): 950-954.
Hall, A. E. 1992. Breeding for heat tolerance. In J. Janick (ed.) Plant Breed. Rev. Vol. 10. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 129-168.
Halterlein, A. J., C. D. Clayberg, and I. D. Teare. 1980. Influence of high temperature on pollen grain viability and pollen tube growth in the styles of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 105(1): 12-14.
Hanna, H. Y. and T. P. Hernandez. 1982. Response of six tomato genotypes under summer and spring weather conditions in Louisiana. HortScience 17(5): 758-759.
Hanna, H. Y., T. P. Hernandez., and K. L. Koonce. 1982. Combing ability for fruit set, flower drop, and underdeveloped ovaries in some heat-tolerant tomatoes. HortScience 17(5): 760-761.
Hanna, H. Y., E. P. Millhollon, J. K. Herrick, and C. L. Fletcher. 1997. Increased yield of heat-tolerant tomatoes with deep transplanting, morning irrigation, and white mulch. HortScience 32(2): 224-226.
Heckathorn, S. A., C. A. Downs, T. D. Sharkey, and J. S. Coleman. 1998. The small, methionine-rich chloroplast heat-shock protein protects photosystem II electron transport during heat stress. Plant Physiol. 116:439-444.
Ho, L. C., R. Belda, M. Brown, J. Andrews, and P. Adams. 1993. Uptake and transport of calcium and the possible causes of blossom-end rot in tomato. J. Exp. Bot. 44(259): 509-518.
Holtum, J. A. M. and C. Barry Osmond. 1995. Sink revolution in carbon partitioning and source-sink Interactions in plants from the perspective of CAM. In Madore, M. A. and W. J. Lucas (ed.). Carbon partitioning and source-sink interactions in plants. Current topics in plant physiology: an American Society of Plant Physiologists series 13: 1-12.
Hsiao, T. C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 24:519-570.
Huberman, M., J. Riov, B. Aloni, and R. Goren. 1997. Role of ethylene biosynthesis and auxin content and transport in high temperature-induced abscission of pepper reproductive organs. J. Plant Growth Regul. 16:129-135.
Karl, T. R., G. Kukla, V. N. Razuvayev, M. J. Changery, R. G. Quayle, R. R. Heim, Jr., D. R. Easterling, and C. B. Fu. 1991. Global warming: Evidence for asymmetric diurnal temperature change. Geophysical Res. Lett. 18:2252-2256.
Konsens, I., M. Ofir, and J. Kigel. 1991. The effect of temperature on the production and abscission of flowers and pods In snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann. Bot. 67:391-399.
Kuo, G. C., H. M. Chen, and H. C. Chen. 1986. Plant hormones in tomato fruit-set and development at high temperature. In FFTC Book Series No. 34 “Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture”. pp.54-70.
Kuo, G. C., H. M. Chen, B. J. Shen, and H. C. Chen. 1989. Relationship between hormonal levels In pistils and tomato fruit-set in hot and cool season. In: Green, S. K. (ed.) Tomato and pepper production in the tropics. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.150-163.
Lerner, I. M. 1954. Genetic homeostasis. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London.
Levy, A., H. D. Rabinowitch, and N. Kedar. 1978. Morphological and physiological characters affecting flower drop and fruit set of tomato at high temperatures. Euphytica 27: 211-218.
Lin, C. S., M. R. Binns and L. P. Lefkovitch. 1986. Stability analysis: where do we stand? Crop Sci. 26:894-900.
Lynch, D. R. and G. C. Kozub. 1988. An analysis of the response of nine potato genotypes to five prairie environments. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68:1219-1228.
Marfo, K. O. and A. E. Hall. 1992. Inheritance of heat tolerance during pod set in cowpea. Crop Sci. 32:912-918.
Markus, V., S. L., B. Bravdo, M. A. Stevens, and J. Rudich. 1981. High temperature effects on RuBP carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase activity in two tomato cultivars. Physiol. Plant. 53:407-412.
Mercado, J. A., R. F. Munoz, and M. A. Quesada. 1994. In vitro germination of pepper pollen in liquid medium. Sci. Hortic. 57:273-281.
Mercado, J. A., B. Vinegla, and M. A. Quesada. 1997a. Effects of hand-pollination, paclobutrazol treatments, root temperature and genotype on pollen viability and seed fruit content of winter-grown pepper. J. Hort. Sci. 72(6): 893-900.
Mercado, J. A., M., M. S. Reid, V. Valpuesta, and M. A. Quesada. 1997b. Metabolic changes and susceptibility to chilling stress in Capsicum annuum plants grown at suboptimal temperature. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24:759-767.
Mercado, J. A., M. M. Trigo, M. S. Reid, V. Valpuesta, and M. A. Quesada. 1997c. Effects of low temperature on pepper pollen morphology and fertility: evidence of cold induced exine alterations. . Hort. Sci. 72(2): 317-326.
Midmore, D. J., D. Berros, and J. Roca. 1986. The potato (Solanum spp.) in the tropics II. Soil temperature and moisture modification by mulch in contrasting environments. Field Crop Res. 15: 97-108.
Midmore, D. J., Y. C. Roan, and M. H. Wu. 1993. Management of moisture and heat stress for tomato and hot pepper production in the tropics. In: Kuo, G. C. (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.452-460.
Morgan, P. W. 1984. Is ethylene the nature regulator of abscission? In: Fuchs, Y. and E. Chalutz (ed.) Biochemical, physiological and applied aspects of ethylene. Martinus Nijhoff Dr. Junk, The Hague, pp. 231-240.
Mutters, R. G. and A. E. Hall. 1992. Reproductive responses of cowpea to high temperature during different night periods. Crop Sci. 32:202-206.
Nanaiah, G. K. and J. A. Anderson. 1992. Electrolyte leakage and evolution of ethylene and ethane from pepper leaf disks following temperature stress and fatty acid infiltration. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117(5): 846-851.
Nassar, R. and M. Huhn. 1987. Studies on estimation of phenotypic stability: tests of significance for nonparametric measures of phenotypic stability. Biometrics 43:45-53.
Nonami, H. 1998. Plant water relations and control of cell elongation at low water potentials. J. Plant Res. 111:373-382.
Ofir, M., Y. Gross, F. Bangerth, and J. Kigel. 1993. High temperature effects on pod and seed production as related to hormone levels and abscission of reproductive structure in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Sci. Hort. 55:201-211.
Opena, R. T., G. C. Kuo, and J. Y. Yoon. 1987. Breeding for stress tolerance under tropical conditions in tomato and heading Chinese cabbage. pp. 89-109. In: Chang,, W. N., P. W. MacGregor, and J. Bay-Peterson (ed.), Improved Vegetable Production in Asia. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Book Series NO. 36.
Ortiz, R. and J. Izquierdo. 1994. Yield stability differences among tomato genotypes grown in Latin America and the Caribbean. HortScience 29(10): 1175-1177.
Peet, M. M., D. H. Willits, and R. Gardner. 1997. Response of ovule development and post-pollen production processes in male-sterile tomatoes to chronic, sub-acute high temperature stress. J. Exp. Bot. 48(306): 101-111.
Peet, M. M. and D. H. Willits. Evaluating high night temperature effects on tomato. In: Kuo, G. C. (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.175-187.
Perera, K. D. A. and J. M. Poulos. 1993. Studies on stigma position of seventeen pepper accessions. Capsicum and Eggplant Newsletter 12: 44-46.
Peter, K. V., R. W. Goth, and R. E. Webb. 1984. Indian hot pepper as new source of resistance to bacterial wilt, Phytophthora root rot, and root-knot nematode. HotScience 19(2): 277-278.
Picken A. J. F. 1984. A review of pollination and fruit set in the tomato. J. Hortic. Sci 59(1): 1-13.
Pickersgill, B. 1971. Relationships between weedy and cultivated forms in some species of chili peppers (genus Capsicum). Evolution 25: 683-691.
Pumphrey, F. V. and R. E. Ramig. 1990. Field response of pea to excess heat during the reproductive stage of growth. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115(6): 898-900.
Rabinowitch, H. D., B. Ben-David, and M. Friedmann. 1986. Light is essential for sunscald induction in cucumber and pepper fruits, whereas heat conditioning provides protection. Sci Hort 29:21-29.
Rabinowitch, H. D., D. Sklan, and P. Budowski. 1982. Photo-oxidative damage in the ripening tomato fruit: protective role of superoxide dismutase. Physiol. Plant 54:369-374.
Renquist, A. R., H. G. Hughes, and M. K. Rogoyski.1989. Combined high temperature and ultraviolet radiation Injury of red raspberry fruit. HortScience 24(4): 597-599.
19. Rudich, J., E. Zamski, and Y. Regev. 1977. Genotypic variation for sensitivity to high temperature in the tomato : pollination and fruit set. Bot. Gaz. 138(4): 448-452.
20. Rylski I. 1973. Effect of night temperature on shape and size of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98(2): 149-152.
21. Rylski I. and A. H. Halevy. 1975. Optimal environment for set and development of sweet pepper fruit. Acta. Hort. 42:55-62.
22. Rylski I. and M. Spigelman. 1982. Effects of different diurnal temperature combinations on fruit set of sweet pepper. Sci. Hort. 17:101-106.
Rylski I. and M. Spigelman. 1986. Effect of shading on plant development, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper grown under conditions of high temperature and radiation. Sci. Hort. 29:31-35.
Schneider, S. H. 1989. The changing climate. Sci. Am. 261(3): 70-79.
Scott, J. W., R. B. Volin, H. H. Bryan, and S. M. Olson. 1986. Use of hybrids to develop heat tolerant tomato cultivars. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 99:311-314.
Shelby, R. A., W. H. Greenleaf, and C. M. Peterson. 1978. Comparative floral fertility in heat tolerant and heat sensitive tomatoes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103:778-780.
Shonnard, G. C. and P. Gepts. 1994. Genetics of heat tolerance during reproductive development in common bean. Crop Sci. 34:1168-1175.
Sombroek, W. G. and R. Gommes. 1996. The climate change-agriculture conundrum. In: Bazzaz, F. and W. Sombroek (ed.) Global climate change and agricultural production: direct and indirect effects of changing hydrological, pedological, and plant physiological processes. Academic, New York.
Song, K. W., S. K. Park, and Kim C. K. 1976. Studies on the flower abscission of hot pepper. Res. Rept. Office Rural Dev. 18:9-32.
Srinivasa Rao, N. K. and R. M. Bhatt. 1993. Water deficit effects on 14C-sucrose translocation In tomato. In: Kuo, G. C. (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.199-204.
Staub, J. E. and J. P. Navazio. 1993. Temperature and humidity affect pillowy fruit disorder in cucumber. HortScience 28(8): 822-823.
Stoffella, P. J., H. H. Bryan, T. K. Howe, J. W. Scott, S. J. Locascio, and S. M. Olson. 1984. Stability differences among fresh-market tomato genotypes: I. fruit yields. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109(5): 615-618.
Stoffella, P. J., S. J. Locascio, T. K. Howe, S. M. Olson, K. D. Shuler, and C. S. Vavrina. 1995. Yield and fruit size stability differs among bell pepper cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 120(2): 325-328.
Tai, G. C. C. 1971. Genotypic stability analysis and it’s application to potato regional trials. Crop Sci. 11:184-190.
Tripp, K. E. and H. C. Wien. 1989. Screening with ethephon for abscission resistance of flower buds in bell pepper. HortScience 24(4): 655-657.
24. Turner A. D. and H. C. Wien. 1994. Dry matter assimilation and partitioning in pepper cultivars differing in susceptibility to stress-induced bud and flower abscission. Ann. Bot. 73:617-622.
Udomprasert, N., P. H. P. H. Li, D. W. Davis, and A. H. Markhart III. Effects of root temperatures on leaf gas exchange and growth at high air temperature in Phaseolus acutifolius and Phaseolus vulgaris. Crop Sci. 35:490-495.
Villareal, R. L. and S. H. Lai. 1978a. Development of heat-tolerant tomato varieties In the tropics. First Intl. Sym. Trop. Tomato. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.188-200.
Villareal, R. L. and S. H. Lai. 1978b. Screening for heat tolerance in genus Lycopersicon. HortScience 13(4): 479-481.
Wardlaw, I. F. 1993. Temperature effects on source-sink relations: a review. In: Kuo, G. C. (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.148-159.
Weaver, M. L. and H. Timm. 1989. Screening tomato for high-temperature tolerance through pollen viability tests. HotScience 24(3): 493-495.
Wessel-Beaver, L and J. W. Scott. 1992. Genetic variability of fruit set, fruit weight, and yield in a tomato population grown in two high-temperature environments.
Wien, H. C. 1990. Screening pepper cultivars for resistance to flower abscission: a comparison of techniques. HortScience 25(12): 1634-1636.
Wien, H. C. 1997. Pepper. In: Wien, H. C. (ed.) The physiology of vegetable crops. New York , pp. 259-293.
Wien H. C., K. E. Tripp, R. Hernandez-Armenta, and A. D. Turner. 1989. Abscission of reproductive structure in pepper: causes, mechanisms and control. In: Green, S. K. (ed.) Tomato and pepper production in the tropics. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.150-163.
Wien, H. C., B. Aloni, J. Riov, R. Goren, M. Huberman, and C. J. Ho. 1993. Physiological of heat stress-induced abscission In pepper. In: Kuo, G. C. (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, pp.188-198.
Yates, F. and W. G. Cochran. 1938. The analysis of groups of experiments. J. Agric. Sci. 28:556-580.
Zhang, H. Q. and A. F. Crose. 1983a. Proline metabolism In pollen: degradation of proline during germination and early tube growth. Planta 159:46-49
Zhang, H. Q. and A. F. Crose. 1983b. Protection of pollen germination from adverse temperatures: a possible role for proline. Plant Cell Environ. 6:471-476.