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研究生:柯玉蓮
研究生(外文):Erin A. Clark
論文名稱:從攻勢現實主義探討中國海權發展對東亞相對權力局勢的意涵(1985~2015 年)
論文名稱(外文):An Offensive Realist Assessment of the Implications of China''s Seapower for East Asian Relative Power, 1985-2015
指導教授:陳世民陳世民引用關係
指導教授(外文):Shih-Min Chen
口試委員:馬振坤蔡明彥
口試委員(外文):Cheng-Kun MaMing-Yen Tsai
口試日期:2016-07-13
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:政治學研究所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:政治學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2016
畢業學年度:104
語文別:中文
論文頁數:268
中文關鍵詞:東亞南海東海海權相對實質權力相對潛在權力強制力
外文關鍵詞:East AsiaEast China SeaSouth China SeaSeapowerRelative Latent PowerRelative Actual PowerCoercive Power
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近年來中國海權發展以及其對區域的影響引起學者的關注和辯論,引起筆者的研究動機。本文試圖運用以米爾斯海默攻勢現實主義為基礎的分析架構,研究中國東亞海權發展對區域相對潛在權力和相對實質權力局勢的意涵。即便美國作為東亞的最強國家,美國並非屬於區域內國家,因此本文不僅關注於中美相對權力差距的變遷,並且研究中國與區域內國家相對權力差距的更動。
首先,第一章作為本研究的緒論,解釋本文的動機和目的,並且探討本文的文件分析方法。第一章也解釋本文運用的攻勢現實主義理論的基本邏輯。接著第一章的基本解釋,第二章闡明,本文對米爾斯海默攻勢現實主義的延伸及運用。其次,本文第三章解釋主導中國海權運用的戰略如何發展出來。第三章爬梳,中國海權戰略 1985 年至 2015 年底的變遷與發展,並分析主導海權戰略與戰役層次運用的關鍵概念。
第四章主要分析第三章所解釋的中國權戰略和戰役目標。第四章探討中國 1985 年以來的海權發展,並且特別關注中國海權反艦作戰能力。本章研究中國海權對美國區域前沿軍事存在的威脅,分析中國戰時拒止美國進入、阻止美國區域行動的能力,並且分析中國掌握控制權,實現東亞局部優勢的能力。
第五與第六章著重於中國平時如何對區域內國家運用海權,分析中國海權運用對東亞相對潛在權力局勢的意涵。不同於第四章的分析,由於第五和第六章關注中國海權運用對區域相對潛在權力的影響,這兩章多專注於中國「白殼」艦隊的運用。第五與第六章研究中國如何運用海權阻止東亞國家資源開發,爭奪和支配東海與南海重要生物與非生物資源。
本文第七章則作為總體評估,分析中國海權重要發展趨勢,以及其對東亞相對權力局勢的意涵。第七章從長期的視角,看中國如何運用海權削弱美國區域相對實質權力,根據已浮現的趨勢推論未來東亞相對實質權力局勢的變遷。第七章也探討中國在東亞的強制力增強趨勢,歸納中國海權運用對未來區域相對潛在權力局勢和相對實質權力局勢的意涵。最後則歸納,中國挑戰並削弱美國東亞前沿軍事存在的能力繼續上升,使得中國得以加強其平時嚇阻能力,和強化其對區域內國家─尤其是南海沿海國─的強制力。
第八章為結論。首先,第八章解釋本文的主要論點,再提到本文可能的學術貢獻,以及探討未來研究展望。

In recent years, China’s seapower development and its effects on the region have piqued interest and given rise to debate. This thesis attempts to apply an analytical framework based on John Mearsheimer’s offensive realism to study the effects of China’s regional seapower on East Asia’s relative latent and actual power.
Although the United States is the most powerful actor in the region, it is not a permanent presence. Therefore, this thesis will examine not only the relative power dynamic between the United States and China, but will also consider how China’s regional seapower is affecting the relative power dynamic between China and regional states.
The first chapter explains the underlying motivation of this work and introduces the methodology and theory to be employed, while the second chapter fully lays out the theoretical basis for this thesis, describing in detail how John J. Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism has been adapted and applied within this research. The third chapter moves on to provide an analysis of the theoretical development directing Chinese seapower development and application. Chapter three reviews the development of China’s seapower theory from 1985 to 2015 and analyzes key concepts underpinning the application of Chinese seapower at the strategic and campaign levels.
The fourth chapter explores China’s seapower development since 1985, paying particular attention to anti-surface warfare capabilities. This chapter studies the Chinese sea-based threat to the United States’ forward presence in East Asia and analyzes Chinese seapower’s anti-access and area denial capabilities vis-a-vis the United States. Chapter four concludes with a discussion of Chinese seapower’s ability to establish air and sea control, and to achieve local superiority in relation to regional states.
Chapters five and six focus on the peacetime application of Chinese seapower within East Asia. As opposed to the analysis provided in chapter four, the discussion in chapters five and six pertains primarily to the implications of Chinese seapower for relative latent power. As such, these two chapters center on China’s “white hulls” and their use both in preventing other littoral states from exploiting regional resources and in securing living and non-living resources in the East and South China Seas for Chinese exploitation.
The seventh chapter draws on the analysis of previous chapters and offers an overall assessment of trends in Chinese seapower development and implications for East Asian relative power. Unlike the preceding chapters, chapter seven identifies current trends and makes long-term projections for regional power based on these trends. Specifically, this chapter explores how China is using and will use seapower to weaken the United States’ relative actual power within East Asia and to strengthen its coercive power with regard to regional states. Chapter seven reaches the conclusion that Chinese seapower’s capability to challenge and weaken the United States’ forward military presence in East Asia continues to grow. As a result of this growth, Chinese seapower is providing—and will continue to provide—China with increased deterrent and coercive power vis-a-vis regional states, particularly the littoral states of the South China Sea.
The final chapter of this thesis serves as a brief conclusion. After explaining the primary findings of this work, chapter eight offers possible contributions of this thesis to future academic research, and explores potential avenues for future research.

口試委員會定書 .................................................. I
謝辭 ................................................. II
中文摘要 ................................................ III
英文摘要 ................................................. IV
目錄 ................................................. VI
圖目次 ............................................... VIII
表目次 .................................................. X
第一章 緒論 .......................................... 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 .................................. 1
第二節 文獻回顧 ......................................... 11
第三節 研究途徑 ......................................... 24
第四節 研究方法與限制 ................................. 26
第五節 分析架構 ......................................... 38
第二章 攻勢現實主義的延伸及本文的運用 ................. 39
第一節 攻勢現實主義運用於中國與東亞的適當性 ......... 39
第二節 攻勢現實主義的邏輯與延伸:畏懼、自助、相對權力極大化 ................................................. 43
第三節 結論 ......................................... 59
第三章 主導中國東亞海權的軍事戰略 ................. 63
第一節 積極防禦戰略思想的歷史脈絡和基本內容 ......... 89
第二節 中國海軍近海積極防禦(積極防禦,近海作戰)戰略 . 75
第三節 結論 ......................................... 86
第四章 中國東亞海權在相對實質權力上的運用:削弱美國「干涉」能力,形成局部優勢 ................................. 87
第一節 中國東亞海權反艦作戰能力:削弱美國「干涉」區域武力衝突的能力 ................................................. 89
第二節 中國東亞海權實現控制權的能力:形成區域局部優勢 110
第三節 結論 ........................................ 122
第五章 中國海權發展對於南海相對潛在權力局勢的意涵 ................................................ 125
第一節 南海主權與海上爭議:脈絡與意義 ................ 126
第二節 中國海權在南海的運用 ........................ 133
第三節 結論 ........................................ 152
第六章 中國海權發展對於東海相對潛在權力局勢的意涵 ................................................ 155
第一節 東海海洋劃界爭議與領土爭議:脈絡輿意涵 ........ 155
第二節 中國東海海權運用:戰略、實踐及意涵 ........ 165
第三節 結論 ........................................ 183
第七章 總體評估:中國東亞海權發展趨勢及其對區域相對權力局勢的意涵 ................................................ 187
第一節 美國東亞相對實質權力的削弱 ................ 187
第二節 中國在東亞的強制力之增強及其意涵 ................ 196
第三節 結論 ........................................ 201
第八章 結論 ........................................ 203
第一節本文主要論點 ................................ 203
第二節 本文可能的學術貢獻 ........................ 205
第三節 未來研究展望 ................................ 205




詳細目錄 ................................................ 207
參考文獻 ................................................ 215

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蔡安寧、李婧、鮑捷、胡志丁,2012,〈基於空間視角的陸海統籌戰略思考〉,《世界地理研究》,21(1): 26-34,2014/04/19,中國知網。
趙輝,2014,〈我國積極防禦戰略發展闡析〉,《法制與社會》,(30): 191-192,2015/02/20,中國知網。
鄭必堅,2005,〈和平崛起的中國是維護世界和平的堅定力量〉,《外交評論》,85(6): 19-21,2013/10/01,中國知網。
────,2006,〈中國和平發展道路與中華文明的復興〉,《世界》,12 期,世界特稿,4-7,中國知網,2013/10/01。
鄭端耀,2003,〈國際體系攻勢與守勢現實主義理論爭辯之評析〉,《問題與研究》,42(2): 1-21,2013/03/11,中文電子期刊服務。
鞏進軍,2014,〈能打仗打勝仗是軍隊存在的根本價值〉,《西安政治學院學報》,(2): 1,2015/02/24,中國知網。
劉中民,2006,〈海權問題與中美關係述論〉,《東北亞論壇》,(5): 72,2013/03/11,中國知網。
劉昌龍、張曉林,2012,〈新形勢下我國亟待構建海防戰略〉,《太平洋學報》,20(5): 80-90,2014/10/08,中國知網。
劉杰、林世華,2009,〈新中國 60 年人民海軍發展戰略的演進及啟示〉,《軍事歷史研究》,(3): 15-20,2013/12/13,中國知網。
劉慶,2010,〈“珍珠鏈戰略”之說辨析〉,《現代國際關係》,(3): 8-14,2012/01/21,中國知網。
劉霏,2012,〈改革開放以來中國的海洋戰略思想〉,《社科縱橫》,27(4): 39-41,2015/05/26,中國知網。
劉寶文,2012,〈中共海軍的演進談未來戰略發展〉,《海軍學術雙月刊》,46(2): 46-58,2014/09/14,中華民國國防部網。
毅軍,2012,〈軍方就釣魚島事件表態梳理〉,《環球人物》,第 26 期, http://world.huanqiu.com/regions/2012-09/3149532.html,2016/01/27。
豐華、易金務,2011,〈從地緣政治視角看美國的海上崛起及其對當代中國的啟示〉,《太平洋學報》,19(2): 41-48, 2012/12/13,中國知網。

四、官方文件

日本防衛省防衛研究所(編),2012,《中國安全戰略報告 2011》,東京:日本防衛省防衛研究所。
中華人民共和國中央人民政府,2012,《中華人民共和國政府關於釣魚島及其附屬島嶼領海基線的聲明》,中華人民共和國中央人民政府網,http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2012-09/10/content_2221140.htm,2016/03/14。
中華人民共和國外交部,2012,〈中國外交部就日本“購買”釣魚島發表聲明〉,人民網,http://japan.people.com.cn/35469/7943849.html,2016/04/13。
────,2015,〈外交部副部長張業遂就美國軍艦進入中國南沙群島有關島礁附近海域向美方提出嚴正交涉〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbxw_673019/t1309569.shtml,2015/10/28。
中華人民共和國國防部,2013,《中華人民共和國東海防空識別區航空器識別規則公告》,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://www.mod.gov.cn/affair/2013-11/23/content_4476910.htm,2016/02/04。
────,2014,〈國防部:日軍機擅闖演習空域 可能引發意外事件〉,搜狐網,http://mil.sohu.com/20140525/n400006075.shtml,2016/02/02。
中華人民共和國國家海洋局、外交部(編),2012,《中華人民共和國東海部份海域二百海裡以外大陸架外部界限劃界案》,聯合國,http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/chn63_12/executive%20summary_CH.pdf,2016/01/22。
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室,2006,〈《2006年中國的國防》白皮書〉,新華社,http://mod.gov.cn/big5/affair/2011-01/06/content_4249948.htm,2015/04/24。
────,2011,〈中國政府發表《2010年中國的國防》白皮書(全文)〉,新華社在中國中央政府門戶網,http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-03/31/content_1835289.htm,2012/01/11。
────,2012,〈《釣魚島是中國的固有領土》白皮書(全文〉,中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室網,http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/gfbps/Document/1435335/1435335.htm,2016/01/28。
────,2013,《中國武裝力量的多樣化運用》,清華大學國防網,http://guofang.com.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/guofang/8438/20130606094827349584362/11111.pdf,2015/02/25。
────,2015,〈《中國的軍事戰略》白皮書全文〉,東森新聞雲網,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20150526/511925.htm,2015/05/26。
中國海洋信息網,〈三沙市〉,國家海洋信息中心,http://www.coi.gov.cn/kepu/yanhai/hainan/sansha,2015/11/26。
吉建良、楊斌、譚雪平,2010,〈淺析未來島嶼進攻戰役的發展趨勢〉,《國防科技》,(2): 55-58,2015/05/05,中國知網。
江澤民,1992,〈江澤民在中國共產黨第十四次全國代表大會上的報告〉,中國共產黨歷次全國代表大會數據庫網,http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64162/64168/64567/65446/4526308.html,2015/05/19。
────,2003,〈黨的十六大報告(全文)〉,中國經濟網,http://www.ce.cn/ztpd/xwzt/guonei/2003/sljsanzh/szqhbj/t20031009_1763196.shtml,2015/02/13。
李克强,2014,〈李克强總理作政府工作報告(文字實錄)〉,中國政府網,http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2014-03/05/content_2629550.htm,2014/03/11。
胡錦濤,2007,〈黨的十七大報告(全文)〉,中國共產黨歷次全國代表會數據,http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/106155/106156/6430009.html,2015/02/19。
────,2009,〈《中華人民共和國海島保護法》(主席令第二十二號)〉,新華社,http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/flfg/2009-12/26/content_1497461.htm,2016/04/04。
────,2012,〈十八大在京開幕 胡錦濤作報告〉,財信網,http://china.caixin.com/2012-11-08/100458021_all.html,2015/05/30。
────,2012,〈胡錦濤在中國共產黨第十八次全國代表大會上的報告〉,新華網,http://news.xinhuanet.com/18cpcnc/2012-11/17/c_113711665_10.htm,2014/02/27。
洪磊,2012,〈2012 年 2 月 29 日外交部發言人洪磊舉行例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://reunion-sdn.china-consulate.org/chn/fyrth/t909551.htm,2015/11/10。
────,2012,〈2012 年 9 月 10 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://hcmc.chineseconsulate.org/chn/fyrth/t967819.shtml,2016/01/26。
────,2013,〈2013 年 5 月 22 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.chinaembassy.org/pl/chn/fyrth/tl042669.htm,2015/11/18。
────,2013,〈2013 年 5 月 30 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://uz.chinaembassy.org/chn/fyrth/tl045556.htm,2015/11/18。
────,2014,〈2014 年 4 月 1 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://mw.china-embassy.org/chn/fyrth/t1143118htm,2015/11/18。
────,2015,〈2015 年 11 月 12 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1314278.shtml,2015/11/17。
────,2015,〈2015 年 11 月 24 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1317861.shtml,2015/11/26。
────,2015,〈2015 年 12 月 23 日外交部發言人洪磊主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/fyrbt_673021/t1327308.shtml,2015/12/25。
華春瑩,2015,〈2015 年 1 月 28 日外交部發言人華春瑩主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov/cn/ce/cedk/chn/fyrth/t1232306.htm,2015/11/10。
────,2015,〈2015 年 6 月 30 日外交部發言人華春瑩主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov/cn/ce/cedk/chn/fyrth/t1277205.htm,2015/12/08。
孫力為,2014,〈國防部新聞發言人耿雁生就日方炒作中日軍機“異常接近”發表談話〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://www.mod.gov.cn/affair/2014-06/12/content_4515954.htm,2016/02/01。
陸慷,2015,〈2015 年 6 月 16 日外交部發言人陸慷主持例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部,http://www.mfa.gov.cn/mfa_chn//wjdt_611265/fyrbt_611275/t1273492.shtml,2015/12/08。
海軍政治部,2015,〈中國海軍在成立66週年之際推出多語種宣介畫冊〉,中華人民共和國國防網部網,http://www.mod.gov.cn:8080/affair/2015-04/23/content_4585885_6.htm,2015/11/20。
秦剛,2009,〈2009 年 6 月 25 日外交部發言人秦剛舉行例行記者會〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://az.china-embassy.org/chn/fyrth/t569526.htm,2015/12/04。
習近平、阿卜杜拉·亞明(Abudlla Yameen),2014,〈中華人民共和國個馬爾地夫共和國聯合新聞公報〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://big5.fmprc.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/ziliao_611306/1179_611310/t191246.shtml,2015/06/25。
張業遂,2015,〈外交部副部長張業遂就美國軍艦進入中國南沙群島礁附近海域向美方提出嚴正交涉〉,中華人民共和國外交部網,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbxw_673019/t1309569.shtml,2015/10/28。
楊宇軍,2014,〈國防部敦促美方停止對華抵達偵察〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://mod.gov.cn/auth/2014-08/23/content_4531741.htm,2016/05/19。
────,2015,〈6 月國防部例行記者會文字實綠〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://military.people.com.cn/n/2015/0625/c1011-27208550.html,2015/12/08。
────,2015,〈國防部新聞發言人楊宇軍就美艦進入中國南沙群島有關島礁近岸水域發表談話〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://news.mod.gov.cn/headlines/2015-10/27/content_4626242.htm,2015/10/28。
────,2015,〈12 月國防部例行記者會文字實綠〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://news.mod.gov.cn/headlines/2015-12/31/content_4634699.htm,2016/01/04。
新華社,2013,〈國防部新聞發言人就劃設東海防空識別區答記者問〉,《重慶日報》,http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2013/1124/c87228-23635995.html,2016/02/04。
新華國際,2010,〈外交部就釣魚島撞船事件、美高管訪華等答記者問〉,新華網,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2010-09/07/c_12528050_3.htm,2016/04/06。
鄧小平,1990,〈國際形勢和經濟問題〉,人民網,http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/69684/69696/4950054.html#/,2013/05/06。
────,1993,〈在軍委擴大會議上的講話(一九八五年六月四日)〉,中共中央文獻編輯委員會,《鄧小平文選第三卷》,北京:人民出版社,2013/09/17,http://ebook.ccpph.com.cn/ebook/book/B_01001864_001/BIE_01001864_001/index.html。
劉航,2014,〈國防部:中國軍隊對東海防空識別區實施了有效監管〉,中華人民共和國國防部網,http://navy.81.cn/content/2014-02/11/content_5765106.htm,2016/02/15。
聯合國,1982,《聯合國海洋法公約》,紐約:海洋專務與海洋法總署,2016/02/19,http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_c.pdf。

五、網際網路

一般報導,2010,〈溫家寶叫日本立即放人〉,昔日東方,http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20100923/00174_001.html,2016/04/07。
────,2012,〈鄧小平韜光養晦外交戰略的來歷〉,中華網,http://news.china.com/history/all/11025807/20120301/17065999.html,2013/05/02。
────,2012,〈釣魚島:中國的神聖領土〉,華夏經緯網,http://hk.huaxia.com/hxhy/xgzt/dyd/index.html,2016/03/14。
────,2013,〈軍方將領:中國將研製航母艦隊〉,香港文匯報,http://paper.wenweipo.com/2006/03/10/YO060310005.htm,2013/03/21。
────,2013,〈中國海軍新型導彈護衛艦岳陽加入戰鬥序列〉,中國新聞網,http://www.chinanews.com/mil/2013/05-03/4786015.shtml,2013/05/14。
────,2014,〈中國最新豎版地圖用十段線標注南海〉,參考消息,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2014-06-26/075930425196.shtml,2014/10/07。
王昊(編),2013,〈國防白皮書家中海洋分量 專家稱中國需強大海軍〉,中新網在青年軍事網,http://youth.chinamil.com.cn/qnht/2013-08/04/content_5429539.htm,2015/05/27。
────,2013,〈習近平宣示走以海強國之路〉,新華網在青年軍事網,http://youth.chinamil.cn/qnht/2013-08/04/content_5429527.htm,2015/05/27。
王朋飛(編),2015,〈中國海警船首次搭載機關炮巡釣魚島 日媒炸鍋〉,觀察者網,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2015-12-23/doc-ifxmttme6235415.shtml,2015/12/23。
────,2015,〈中日近期釣島行動火藥味十足 專家提醒提防日搞偷襲〉,環球網,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2015-12-29/doc-ifxmxxsp7206643,2015/12/29。
王洪山、劉聲東,2012,〈習近平在廣州戰區考察時強調 堅持富國和強軍相統一 努力建設鞏固國防和強大軍隊〉,新華網,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-12/12/c_114003822.htm,2015/02/25。
王金志(編),2015,〈中國第 8 艘 052D 型神盾艦下水 艦首掛上大紅花〉,新浪軍事,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2015-12-29/doc-ifxmxxst0725087.shtml,2015/12/29。
────,2015,〈167 艦改裝新狀態:多款武器更新速度遠超預期〉,環球網,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2015-12-30/doc-ifxncyar6014048.shtml,2015/12/30。
王曉雄,2015,〈中國981平台再次出擊南海 越南舉國恐慌〉,環球時報,http://www.armystar.com/cnjs/2015-06-27_26231.html#,2015/11/30。
王歡,2015,〈日本聲稱拍到中國開發東海氣田 確認 12 處建築〉,環球網,http://news.sina.com/cn/w/2015-07-22/175132136135.shtml,2016/01/21。
文木、石壽,2015,〈中國駐菲大使:反對外國“軍事入侵”南海〉,德國之聲,http://bit.ly/293ZwUb,2015/12/17。
中國新聞網,2010,〈日方決定逮捕與日本巡邏船相撞的中國漁船船長〉,新華網,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2010/09/07/c_12528331.htm,2016/04/05。
────,2012,〈國家海洋局同意在西沙晉卿島填海 5000 畝建碼頭〉,騰訊新聞,http://news.qq.com/a/20120426/000749.htm,2015/12/23。
────,2015,〈093G核潛艇垂發可齊射導彈 令敵無法攔截〉,新浪軍事網,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2015-04-10/0854827376.html,2016/06/10。
白瑞雪、辛儉強,2015,〈中國國防白皮書向世界傳遞的信號〉,新華網在人民網,http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2015/0526/c1011-27060-433.html,2015/06/02。
白瑞雪、熊爭艷,2015,〈軍事專家解讀《中國的軍事戰略》,新華網,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-05/26/c_1115408222.htm,2015/05/26。
石家鑄、崔常發,2009,〈60 年人民海軍建設指導思想的豐富和發展〉,中華人民共和國國史網,http://www.hprc.org.cn/gsyj/gfs/wzll/200912/t20091211_38162.html,2015/04/21。
多維,2014,〈習近平主導部署軍事戰略大調整 主動防禦有所作為〉,倍可親,http://big5.backchina.com/news/2014/03/06/286674.html,2015/02/24。
共同社,2012,〈中國漁政船駛入釣魚島附近毗連區〉,中國評論新聞網,http://www.chinareviewagency.com/doc/1020/0/7/9/102007923.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=102007923,2016/04/12。
伍軼、楊振,2015,〈中國戰機今日飛出島鏈上千公里並巡航東海防空區〉,中國新聞網,http://www.mil.news.sina.com.cn/2015-11-27/1436845070.html,2015/11/27。
李因才,2010,〈霸權之錨〉,南風窗,http://www.nfcmag.com/articles/2215/single#/,2012/01/10。
李星榮,2000,〈20世紀戰爭留給我們的思考和啟示〉,解放軍報網絡版,http://www.pladaily.com.cn/gb/jskj/2000/12/25/20001225002001_jsrdts.html,2013/02/26。
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貳、英文部份

一、專書

Bickford, Thomas J., Heidi A. Holz & Frederic Vellucci, Jr. 2011. Uncertain Waters: Thinking about China’s Emergence as a Maritime Power. Arlington, VA: CNA China Studies. Adobe PDF eBook.
Burnham, Peter, Karin Gilland Lutz, Wyn Grant & Zig Layton-Henry. 2008. Research Methods in Politics. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Clark, Bryan & Jesse Sloman. 2015. Deploying Beyond Their Means: America’s Navy and Marine Corps At A Tipping Point. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment. Adobe PDF eBook.
Dutton, Peter, Andrew S. Erickson & Ryan Martinson, eds. 2014. China’s Near Sea Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute. Adobe PDF eBook.
Eaglen, Mackenzie & Jon Rodeback. 2010. Submarine Arms Race in the Pacific: The Chinese Challenges to US Undersea Supremacy. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation. Adobe PDF eBook.
Erickson, Andrew S., Lyle J. Goldstein & Carnes Lord, eds. 2009. China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Gormley, Dennis M, Andrew S. Erickson & Jingdong Yuan. 2014. A Low Visibility Force Multiplier: Assessing China’s Cruise Missile Ambitions. Washington, DC: NDU Press. Adobe PDF eBook.
Gray, Colin S. & Roger W. Barnett, eds. 1989. Seapower and Strategy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Harrison, Lisa. 2001. Political Research: An Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge.
Heginbotham, Eric, Michael Nixon, Forrest e. Morgan, Jacob L. Heim, Jeff Hagen, Sheng Li, Jeffrey Engstrom, Martin C. Libicki, Paul DeLuca, David A. Shlapak, David R. Relinger, Burgesss Laird, Kyle Brady & Lyle J. Morris. 2015. The U.S.-CHINA Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 1996-2017. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. Adobe PDF eBook.
Henry, Ryan, Christine Osowski, Peter Chalk & James T. Bartis. 2012. Promoting International Energy Security: Volume 3, Sea-Lanes to Asia. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. Adobe PDF eBook.
Hiebert, Murray, Phuong Nguyen & Gregory B. Poling, eds. 2014. Perspectives on the South China Sea: Diplomatic, Legal, and Security Dimensions of the Dispute. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Adobe PDF eBook.
Holmes, James R. & Toshi Yoshihara. 2008. Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century:The Turn to Mahan. New York: Routledge.
────. 2010. Red Star over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Kane, Thomas M. 2002. Chinese Grand Strategy and Maritime Power. Edited by G. Till. 32 vols, Vol. 16, Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. London: Frank Cass Publishers.
Kelly, Terrence K., Anthony Atler, Todd Nichols & Lloyd Thrall. 2013. Employing Land-Based Anti-Ship Missiles in the Western Pacific. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Adobe PDF eBook.
Lea, Catherine K. & Michael A. McDevitt. 2013. Maritime Security Issues in East Asia, CNA Maritime Asia Project: Workshop Four. Alexandria, VA: CNA Strategic Studies. Adobe PDF eBook.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: WW Norton & Company.
────. 2014. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. 2nd ed. New York: WW Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.
Poling, Gregory B. 2013. The South China Sea in Focus: Clarifying the Limits of Maritime Dispute. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Adobe PDF eBook.
────. 2014. Recent Trends in the South China Sea and U.S. Policy. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Adobe PDF eBook.
Parameswaran, Prashanth. 2015. Playing It Safe: Malaysia’s Approach to the South China Sea and Implications for the United States. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security. Adobe PDF eBook.
Pehrson, Christopher J. 2006. String of Pearls: Meeting the Challenge of China’s Rising Power across the Asian Littoral. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Adobe PDF eBook.
Rapp-Hooper, Mira & Harry Krejsa. 2016. Reefs, Rocks, And The Rule Of Law: After the Arbitration in the South China Sea. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security. Adobe PDF eBook.
Schofield, Clive, ed. 2011. Maritime Energy Resources in Asia: Energy and Geopolitics. Vol. 35, NBR Special Report. Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research. Adobe PDF eBook.
Schwartz, Laura. 2014. Competition and Confrontation in the East China Sea and the Implications for U.S. Policy. Roundtable Report. Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research. Adobe PDF eBook.
Sumaila, U. Rashid & William W.L. Cheung. 2015. Boom or Bust: The Future Of Fish In The South China Sea. Vancouver, BC: Fisheries Center, University of British Columbia. Adobe PDF eBook.
Swaine, Michael D. & Ashley J. Tellis. 2000. Interpreting China’s Grand Strategy: Past, Present, and Future. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Tellis, Ashley J. & Travis Tanner, eds. 2012. Strategic Asia: China’s Military Challenge. Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research. Adobe PDF eBook.
Till, Geoffrey. 2009. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by G. Till. 2nd ed. 32 vols. Vol. 32, Cass Series: Naval Policy and History. London: Routledge.
────. 2013. Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by G. Till. 3rd ed. London: Routledge. Kindle Edition.
Vogt, W. Paul, Dianne C. Gardner & Lynne M. Haeffele. 2012. When to Use What Research Design. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Reprint. Theory of International Politics. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc., 2010, Kindle Edition.
────. 2001. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Rev. ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Kindle Edition.
Witter, Allison, Luise The, Xueying Yin, William W.L. Cheung & Rashid Sumaila. 2015. Taking Stock and Projecting the Future of South China Sea Fisheries. Vancouver, BC: Fisheries Center, University of British Columbia. Adobe PDF eBook.

二、專書論文

Brewster, David. 2014. “The Changing Balance of Power in the Indian Ocean: Prospects for a Significant Chinese Naval Presence.” In Sea Change: Evolving Maritime Geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific Region. Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 71-79,. Adobe Adobe PDF eBook.
Broderick, Kelsey. 2015. Chinese Activities in the South China Sea: Implications for the American Pivot to Asia. Arlington, VA: Project 2049 Institute. Adobe PDF eBook.
Cole, Bernard D. 2007. “Right-Sizing the Navy: How Much Naval Force Will Beijing Deploy?” In Right-Sizing the People’s Liberation Army: Exploring the Contours of China’s Military, edited by R.D. Kamphausen & A. Scobell. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army, 523-556. Adobe PDF eBook.
────. 2009. “More Red than Expert: Chinese Sea Power during the Cold War.” In China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective, edited by A.S. Erickson, L.J. Goldstein & C. Lord. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Collins, Gabriel B. 2010. “China’s Dependence on the Global Maritime Commons.” In China, the United States, and 21st-Century Seapower, edited by A. S. Erickson & L. J. Goldstein. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 14-37.
Dang, Vu Hai. 2014. “Disputes between Vietnam and China in the South China Sea: A Legal Analysis.” In Hiebert, Nguyen & Poling, 35-44.
Dupont, Alan. 2014. “Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea.” In Hiebert, Nguyen & Poling, 45-52.
Erickson, Andrew S. 2009. “China Studies the Rise of Great Powers” In A.S. Erickson, L.J. Goldstein & C. Lord, 401-425.
────. 2014. “Air- and Space-Based ISR: Integrating Aerospace Combat Capabilities over the Near Seas.” In China’s Near Seas Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute, 87-118. Adobe PDF eBook.
Garofano, John. 2008. “China-Southeast Asian Relations: Problems and Prospects.” In Holmes & Yoshihara, 169-112.
Ghosh, P.K. 2014. “The Indo-Pacific Region and the Rise of Transnational Maritime Threats and Challenges.” In Sea Change: Evolving Maritime Geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific Region. Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 19-29. Adobe PDF eBook.
Glaser, Bonnie S. 2012. Armed Clash in the South China Sea. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations. Adobe PDF eBook.
Glaser, Bonnie S. & Leon Zhihong Bai. 2013. “Chinese Perspectives on the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute.” In Japan’s Territorial Disputes, CNA Maritime Asia Project: Workshop Three, edited by .M.A. McDevitt & C.K. Lea. Alexandria, VA: CNA Strategic Studies, 89-106. Adobe PDF eBook.
Gray, Colin S. 1989. “Seapower and Landpower.” In Gray & Barnett, 3-26.
Gray, Colin S. & Roger W. Barnett. 1989. “Introduction to Seapower and Strategy. In Gray & Barnett, ix-xiv.
Harrison, Selig S. 2005. “Seabed Petroleum in Northeast Asia: Conflict or Cooperation?” In Seabed Petroleum in Northeast Asia: Conflict or Cooperation. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 3-14, Adobe PDF eBook.
Hartnett, Daniel M. & Frederic Vellucci. 2011. “Toward a Maritime Security Strategy: An Analysis of Chinese Views Since the Early 1990s.” In The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, edited by P. C. Saunders, C. Yung, M. D. Swaine & A. N. D. Yang. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 81-108. Adobe PDF eBook.
Holmes, James R. 2008. “Japanese Maritime Thought: If Not Mahan, Who?” In Holmes & Yoshihara, 146-168.
Kang, David C. 2007. “U.S. Alliances and the Security Dilemma in the Asia-Pacific.” In Reassessing Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific: Competition, Congruence, and Transformation, edited by A. Acharya & E. Goh. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 71-92.
Koda, Yoji. 2014. “Japan’s Perspective on U.S. Policy toward the South China Sea.” In Hiebert, Nguyen & Poling, 82-95.
Kostecka, Daniel J. 2014. “Aerospace Power and China’s Counterstrike Doctrine in the Near Seas.” In China’s Near Seas Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute, 49-60. Adobe PDF eBook.
Li, Nan. 2011. “The Evolution of China’s Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From ‘Near Coast’ and ‘Near Seas’ to ‘Far Seas’.” In The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, edited by P. C. Saunders, C. Yung, M. D. Swaine & A. N. D. Yang. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 109-140. Adobe PDF eBook.
Lord, Carnes. 2009. “China and Maritime Transformations.” In China Goes to Sea: Maritime Transformation in Comparative Historical Perspective, edited by A.S. Erickson, L.J. Goldstein & C. Lord. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 426-456.
McDevitt, Michael A. & Catherine K. Lea. 2013. “Workshop Overview.” In Japan’s Territorial Disputes, CNA Maritime Asia Project: Workshop Three, edited by .M.A. McDevitt & C.K. Lea. Alexandria, VA: CNA Strategic Studies, 1-13. Adobe PDF eBook.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2006. “Structural Realism.” In International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity, 3rd ed. T. Dunne, M. Kurki & S. Smith, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 71-88. Adobe PDF eBook.
Murray, William S. 2014. “Underwater TELs and China’s Antisubmarine Warfare: Evolving Strength and a Calculated Weakness.” In China’s Near Seas Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute, 17-29. Adobe PDF eBook.
O’Rourke, Ronald. 2011. “PLAN Force Structure: Submarines, Ships, and Aircraft” In The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles, edited by P. C. Saunders, C. Yung, M. D. Swaine & A. N. D. Yang. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 141-173. Adobe PDF eBook.
Owen, Nick. 2011. “Oil Disputes in the South China Sea in Context.” In Schofield, 11-38.
Pandya, Amit A. Rupert Herbert-Burns & Junko Kobayashi. 2011. “Maritime Commerce.” In Maritime Commerce and Security: The Indian Ocean. Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 12-60. Adobe PDF eBook.
Patch, John. 2014. “Chinese Houbei Fast Attack Craft: Beyond Sea Denial.” In China’s Near Seas Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute, 1-16. Adobe PDF eBook.
Pedersen, Eric D. 2014. “Land- and Sea-Based C4ISR Infrastructure in China’s Near Seas.” In China’s Near Seas Combat Capabilities. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College China Maritime Studies Institute, 75-85. Adobe PDF eBook.
Pumphrey, Carolyn W. 2002. Introduction to The Rise of China in Asia: Security Implications, C.W. Pumphrey, ed. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 4-6. Adobe PDF eBook.
Rapp-Hooper, Mira & Harry Krejsa. 2016. Reefs, Rocks, And The Rule Of Law: After the Arbitration in the South China Sea. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security. Adobe PDF eBook.
Romberg, Alan D. 2013. “American Interests in the Senkaku/Diaoyu Issue, Policy Considerations.” In Japan’s Territorial Disputes, CNA Maritime Asia Project: Workshop Three, edited by .M.A. McDevitt & C.K. Lea. Alexandria, VA: CNA Strategic Studies, 75-88. Adobe PDF eBook.
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三、期刊論文

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Kaplan, Robert D. 2005. “How We Would Fight China.” Atlantic June 295(5), 49-64. EBSCOhost ASC (Accessed November 11, 2011).
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────. 2011. “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict.” Foreign Policy (188), 1-8. EBSCOhost ASC (Accessed January 23, 2013).
Kotani, Tetsuo. 2013. “The Senkaku Islands and the U.S.-Japan Alliance: Future Implications for the Asia-Pacific.” Project 2049 Futuregram 13(2): 1-10. Project 2049. Adobe PDF eBook.
Kostecka, Daniel J. 2010. “Hambantota, Chittagong, and the Maldives—Unlikely Pearls for the Chinese Navy.” China Brief 10(23): 8-11. Accessed June 24, 2015. Jamestown.org. Adobe PDF eBook.
────. 2011. “Places and Bases: The Chinese Navy’s Emerging Support Network in the Indian Ocean.” Naval War College Review 64(1): 59-78. Accessed September 18, 2014. DTIC. Adobe PDF eBook.
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Lee, Jaemin. 2014. “China’s Declaration of an Air Defense Identification Zone in the East China Sea: Implications for Public International Law.” ASIL Insights 18(17). Accessed February 4, 2016. Http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/17/china’s-declaration-air-defense-identification-zone-east-china-sea.
Li, Nan. 1996. “The PLA’s Evolving Warfighting Doctrine, Strategy and Tactics, 1985-95: A Chinese Perspective.” In “China’s Military in Transition.” Special issue, China Quarterly (146): 443-463. Accessed April 9, 2013. JSTOR.
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────. 2010. “Scanning the Horizon for ‘New Historical Missions.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 136(4), 18-23. EBSCOhost ASC (Accessed January 23, 2013).
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────. 2006. “China’s Unpeaceful Rise.” Current History 105(690): 160-162. Accessed January 21, 2012. Http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0051.pdf.
────. 2006. “Conversations in International Relations: Interview with John J. Mearsheimer (Part I).” International Security 20(1): 105-123. Accessed March 11, 2013. Http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117806060939.
────. 2006. “Conversations in International Relations: Interview with John J. Mearsheimer (Part II).” International Security 20(2): 231-243. Accessed March 11, 2013. Http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117806063851.
────. 2010. “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia.” Chinese Journal of International Politics 3: 381-396. Accessed November 25, 2013. Http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poq016.
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────. 2014. “Taiwan’s Dire Straits” National Interest March/April (130), 29-39. Http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/Taiwan’s%20Dire%20Straits.pdf (Accessed September 16, 2014).
Montgomery, Evan Braden. 2014. “Contested Primacy in the Western Pacific: China’s Rise and the Future of the U.S. Power Projection.” International Security 38(4): 115-149. Accessed October 28, 2014. Http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00160.
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────. 2013. “Pull Back.” Foreign Affairs 92(1): 116-128. Accessed July 15, 2014. EBSCOhost ASC.
Przystup, James J. 2012. “Japan-China Relations: Happy 40th Anniversary...?” Comparative Connections 14(1). CSIS. Adobe PDF eBook.
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四、研討會論文

Carpio, Antonio T. 2015. “The South China Sea Dispute.” Lecture. Accessed December 1, 2015. Http://philja.judiciary.gov.ph/assets/files/pdf/learning_materials/lecturesaadispute.pdf. Adobe PDF eBook.
deLisle, Jaques. 2011. “Dragon and (Legal) Eagle: International Law and American Interests in U.S.-China Relations beyond the Hu-Obama Summit.” Paper read at Foreign Policy Research Institute Summit, Philadelphia, PA. Accessed February 5, 2011. Adobe PDF eBook.
Erickson, Andrew S. 2015. “Follow the Dragon Tracks: China’s Emerging Presence from South China Sea to Facilities Access in the Indian Ocean.” Presentation at Defense Forum Foundation Congressional Defense and Foreign Policy Forum, Washington, DC. Accessed September 16, 2015. Http://defenseforumfoundation.org/images/stories/201524JulyDFFForumErickson.pdf.
Finkelstein, David M. 1998. China’s National Military Strategy. Paper read at conference on “The People’s Liberation Army in the Information Age, San Diego, CA. Edited by J. C. Mulvenon & R. H. Yang. Adobe PDF eBook.
Hayton, Bill. 2015. “Military Balance and Regional Order in the Context of the South China Sea.” Presentation at Fifth Annual CSIS South China Sea Conference, Washington, DC. Accessed July 27, 2015. Http://csis.org/event/fifth-annual-csis-south-china-sea-conference.
Jennings, Peter . 2015. “Military Balance and Regional Order in the Context of the South China Sea.” Presentation at Fifth Annual CSIS South China Sea Conference, Washington, DC. Accessed July 27, 2015. Http://csis.org/event/fifth-annual-csis-south-china-sea-conference.
National Defense College of the Philippines, Philippines Foreign Service Institute & Diplomatic Institute of Vietnam. 2011. The South China Sea Reader. Papers read at First Manila Conference on the South China Sea: Toward a Region of Peace, Cooperation and Progress, Manila, Philippines, July 5-6. Adobe PDF eBook.
Storey, Ian. 2015. “Military Balance and Regional Order in the Context of the South China Sea.” Presentation at Fifth Annual CSIS South China Sea Conference, Washington, DC. Accessed July 27, 2015. Http://csis.org/event/fifth-annual-csis-south-china-sea-conference.
Thayer, Carlyle A. 2011. “Security Cooperation in the South China Sea: An Assessment of Recent Trends.” Paper presented at First Manila Conference on the South China Sea: Toward a Region of Peace, Cooperation and Progress, Manila, Philippines, July 5-6. Accessed September 13, 2012. Adobe PDF eBook.
────. 2015. “Strategy and Maritime Power in a Contested Environment: National, Military, Maritime Strategy and the South China Sea.” Paper read at U.S. Naval War College 66th Current Strategy Forum, Newport, RI. Accessed June 29, 2015. Adobe PDF eBook.
Wang, Yuan-Kang. 2009. “The Chinese World Order and War in Asian History.” Paper, annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, September 3-6, 2010. Accessed December 18, 2012. Social Science Research Network.
Zhang, Hongzhou. 2015. “China’s Fishing Industry: Current Status, Government Policies, and Future Prospects.” Paper read at Center for Naval Analyses China as a “Maritime Power” Conference, Arlington, VA. Accessed February 23, 2016. Adobe PDF eBook.

五、官方文件

Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas. Geological Structure and Some Water Characteristics of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, by K.O. Emery, Yoshikazu Hayashi, Thomas W.C. Hilde, Kazuo Kobayashi, Ja Hak Koo, C.Y. Meng, Hiroshi Niino, J.H. Osterhagen, L.M. Reynolds, John M. Wageman, C.S. Wang & Sung Jin Yang. Technical Bulletin Vol. 2. Bangkok, Thailand: Geological Survey of Japan, 1969. Adobe PDF eBook.
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────. 2014. “East China Sea.” U.S. Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/regions_of_interest/East_China_Sea/east_china_sea.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2016.
────. 2014. “Philippines: International Energy Data and Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=PHL. Accessed November 13, 2015.
────. 2014. “Vietnam: International Energy Data and Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=VNM. Accessed November 13, 2015.
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六、報紙

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七、網際網路

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Gady, Franz-Stefan. 2015. “China’s ‘New’ Carrier Killer Subs.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/chinas-new-carrier-killer-subs/. Accessed June 9, 2016.
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GMA News. 2015. “PHL stops oil and gas drilling in Reed Bank, cites dispute with China.” GMA Online News: http:www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/445665/money/companies/phl-stops-oil-and-gas-drilling-in-reed-bank-cites-dispute-with-china. Accessed December 3, 2015.
Gordon, Deborah, Yevgen Sautin & Wang Tao. 2014. “China’s Oil Future.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/05/06/china-s-oil-future. Accessed November 13, 2015.
Gormley, Dennis M, Andrew S. Erickson & Jingdong Yuan. 2014. “China’s Cruise Missiles: Flying Fast Under the Public’s Radar.” National Interest: http://nationalinterest.org/feature/china%E2%80%99s-cruise-missiles-flying-fast-under-the-public%E2%80%99s-radar-10446?page=show. Accessed June 14, 2016.
Green, Michael, Bonnie S. Glaser & Greg Poling. 2015. “The U.S. Asserts Freedom Of Navigation In The South China Sea.” AMTI: http://amti.csis.org/the-u-s-asserts-freedom-of-navigation-in-the-south-china-sea/. Accessed November 6, 2015.
Haddick, Robert. 2012. “Salami Slicing in the South China Sea: China’s slow, patient approach to dominating Asia.” Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/08/03/salami-slicing-in-the-south-china-sea/. Accessed November 18, 2015.
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────. 2014. “China’s Most Dangerous Missile (So Far).” National Interest: http://bit.ly/21cgfru. Accessed June 10, 2016.
────. 2015. “Five Ways War with China Could Be Started... or Avoided.” National Interest: http://www.nationalinterest.org/feature/five-ways-war-china-could-be-started%E2%80%A6-or-avoided-14597?page=show. Accessed December 15, 2015.
Harlan, Chico & William Wan. 2010. “Japan to release Chinese boat captain.” Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dvn/content/article/2010/09/24/AR2010092401149.html. Accessed April 5, 2016.
Hartman, Adam. 2014. “Chinese naval base for Walvis Bay.” Namibian: http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=130693&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=1. Accessed June 23, 2015.
Himmelman, Jeff. 2013. “A Game of Shark and Minnows.” New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2013/10/27/south-china-sea/. Accessed May 16, 2014.
Holmes, James R. 2014. “US Conventional Power and Nuclear Asia.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/us-conventional-power-and-nuclear-asia. Accessed May 20, 2014.
────. 2014. “China’s Navy Is Already Challenging the US in Asia.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/chinas-navy-is-already-challenging-the-us-in-asia/. Accessed October 28, 2014.
────. 2015. “Rough seas ahead for the US Navy.” Boston Globe: http://bit.ly/f1rgjXUw. Accessed May 30, 2016
Holmes, James R. & Toshi Yoshihara. 2011. “Is China Planning a String of Pearls?” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/20122/02/is-china-planing-string-of-pearls/. Accessed March 28, 2014.
Hornung, Jeffrey W. 2013. “China’s War on International Norms.” National Interest: http://www.nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/chinas-war-international-norms-9547. Accessed December 13, 2013.
────. 2014. “The East China Sea Boils: China’s and Japan’s Dangerous Dance.” National Interest: http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-east-china-sea-boils-china-japans-dangerous-dance-10599. Accessed October 7, 2014.
Hung, Joe. 2014. “Why name five Senkaku islets now?” China Post: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/joe-hung/2014/08/11/414553/Why-name.htm. Accessed March 7, 2016.
Kazianis, Harry. 2014. “China’s Oversized Aircraft Carrier Ambitions.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/chinas-oversized-aircraft-carrier-ambitions/. Accessed October 2, 2014.
Keck, Zachary. 2014. “Confirmed: China Is Building a Military Base Near Japan.” National Interest: http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/the-buzz/confirmed-china-building-military-base-near-japan-12120. Accessed June 4, 2015.
────. 2014. “PLA Officer: China Must Establish South China Sea ADIZ.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/pla-officer-china-must-establish-south-china-sea-adiz/. Accessed March 7, 2014.
────. 2014. “China Commissions New Guided-Missile Destroyer.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/china-commissions-new-guided-missile-destroyer-class/?allpages-yes&print=yes. Accessed May 12, 2014.
────. 2014. “‘Chinese Aegis’ Leads A2/AD Drill in South China Sea.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/chinese-aegis-leads-a2ad-drill-in-south-china-sea/. Accessed October 3, 2014.
────. 2014. “China Builds Military Airstrip in Disputed South China Sea.” Diplomat: http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/china-builds-military-airstrip-in-disputed-south-china-sea/. Accessed October 9, 2014.
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