臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
本研究探討桑白皮水萃液經膜處理後之透流液與滯留液之抗氧化能力及美白能力。桑白皮以微過濾膜(0.45μm)與超過濾膜(UK200、UK50、UP20以及UK10)來處理，在不同濃縮倍數 (WCR：1.5、2、3、4)下得到透流液與滯留液樣品，進而分析其物性分析、抗氧化能力、美白能力以及抗氧化與美白之活性成分。
本實驗結果顯示，經膜處理後之透流液流速及沉積層造成阻力(αpCB)次序為0.45μm＞UK200＞UK50＞UP20＞UK10。而物性分析，pH值不論是透流液或滯留液，其值皆介於4.12~4.23，變化不大；色澤分析，經膜處理後透流液之L值提昇至93~96，表示明亮度顯著地提高，尤其以UK10最為明亮。滯留液之總固型物與黏度會隨著濃縮倍數提高而增加。抗氧化分析，透流液(IC50=6.92~7.46 mg/mL)之清除DPPH自由基能力比原液(IC50=8.72 mg/mL)佳，尤其以0.45μm (IC50=6.92 mg/mL)膜最有效果，另外在總抗氧化能力及還原亞鐵離子方面，亦是以0.45μm膜處理者(IC50=3.89 mg/mL；1.43 mg/mL)最佳。美白能力分析，抑制酪胺酸酶及銅的還原也是以0.45μm膜處理後之透流液(IC50=0.89 mg/mL；1.50 mg/mL )較佳，而進一步分析其抗氧化與美白活性成分，發現其成分大多在透流液，少被留在滯留液中，且所含之成分含量之次序為綠原酸＞ρ-對羥基苯甲酸＞阿魏酸，此可能是造成透流液抗氧化及美白效果比滯留液與原液佳之因。

Abstract
This study was to investigate the antioxidative and whiting effects of permeate and retentate of mulberry white root extract separated using membrane processing. Permeate and retentate were obtained after processing the extracts of mulberry white root using either a microfiltration membrane (0.45μm) or one of four cut-off size ultrafiltration membranes (UK200, UK50, UP20, UK10) to reach various weight concentration ratio (WCR: 1.5, 2, 3, 4). The effects of membrane process on the physiochemical characteristics, antioxidant ability, whiting ability, and the contents of active compounds in permeate and retentate were evaluated.
Experimental results showed that permeate flux and resistance of fouling layers formed(αpCB) membrane was: 0.45μm＞UK200＞UK50＞UP20＞UK10. pH in permeate and retentate showed slightly changes (4.12~4.23). However, the color indexes of L value (93~96) increased expect treated with UK10 in permeate, which indicated that mulberry white root extract was clarified and became light. The total solids and viscosities of retentate increased as an increasing concentrated fold (WCR). Antioxidative capability showed that permeates were better scavengers of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH‧) radical. The values of IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) on scavenging of permeate were 6.92~7.46 mg/mL, especially processing with 0.45μm membrane (IC50=6.92 mg/mL), which was lower than that of feed (IC50=8.72 mg/mL). Total antioxidant ability and reduction power effect of permeate treated with 0.45μm membrane were also the best treatment (IC50= 3.89 mg/mL; 1.43 mg/mL). The IC50= 0.45μm and 1.50 mg/mL of permeate treated with 0.45μm membrane required to inhibit tyrosinase activity and to reduce copper ions, respectively, which indicated that it may be the best treatment for whiting. Furthermore analysis of the main active compounds demonstrated that most active compounds existed in permeate. The contents of active compounds were followed the pattern: chlorogenic acid＞ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid＞ferulic acid. The higher contents of active compounds in permeate may explain the capability of antioxidantive and whiting.

目 錄
頁數
中文摘要
英文摘要
目 錄...............................................I
表 次...............................................IV
圖 次...............................................VI
第一章、文獻整理....................................1
第一節、桑白皮之簡介................................1
第二節、膜分離之簡介................................8
(一)膜之定義........................................8
(二)膜之材質........................................8
(三)膜組合單元之形態................................12
(四)膜過濾之方式....................................13
(五)影響膜分離操作因子..............................22
(六)膜分離技術於食品工業及微生物之應用..............24
第三節、皮膚與黑色素之簡介..........................27
(一)皮膚構造........................................27
(二)皮膚的生理功能 ................................. 31
(三)黑色素的形成....................................31
第四節、抗氧化與美白之簡介..........................39
(一)自由基與活性氧之種類............................39
(二)自由基與活性氧之來源............................39
(三)活性氧與自由基傷害之疾病........................43
(四)抗氧化劑來源....................................45
(五)抗氧化作用......................................46
(六)抗氧化與美白....................................49
材料與方法..........................................50
一、實驗材料........................................50
二、實驗方法........................................52
(一)材料製備........................................52
(二)膜過濾操作......................................52
(三)過濾膜的清洗及保存..............................54
(四)分析方法........................................56
1.物化性質分析......................................56
2.抗氧化能力分析....................................57
3.美白能力之評估....................................59
4.抗氧化與美白活性成分之分析........................61
5.數據分析..........................................62
6.統計分析..........................................62
第三節、結果與討論 ..................................64
一、透流液流速與操作條件之關係......................64
二、膜處理對桑白皮水萃液物化性質之影響..............65
三、桑白皮水萃液之抗氧化能力之探討..................70
四、桑白皮水萃液之美白能力之探討....................82
五、抗氧化與美白活性成分之探討.....................101
第四節、結論.......................................109
參考文獻...........................................110

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