臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之目的在觀察桃白介殼蟲之一種單性生殖的內寄生蜂(Arrhenophagus chionaspidis)對其寄主昆蟲桃白介殼蟲之寄生性。以桃白介殼蟲初齡若蟲供寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)寄生，在10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃及30℃五種定溫下，試驗結果顯示在15、20及25℃之寄生率平均為16.8、33.5及33.8%﹔在15、20及25℃之子代羽化數平均為11.9、26.7及26.7隻﹔在15、20及25℃之子代發育日數平均為49.8、33.2及18.3天﹔在10℃及30℃下則無寄生蜂子代羽化。以直線迴歸方程式所求得寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)之發育臨界低溫約為8.3℃，有效積溫約為400日度。寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)對桃白介殼蟲寄主齡期的偏好性選擇試驗結果，不論在有選擇或無選擇寄生試驗中，寄生蜂均只寄生桃白介殼蟲之初齡及二齡若蟲而較偏好初齡若蟲，但並不寄生於寄主之卵與成蟲。在有選擇試驗中，寄生蜂對桃白介殼蟲初齡若蟲之寄生率平均為52.3﹪，子代羽化數平均21.2隻，平均發育日數21.2天，而對二齡若蟲之寄生率平均為18.3﹪，子代羽化數平均6.2隻，平均發育日數22.0天﹔在無選擇試驗中，寄生蜂對桃白介殼蟲初齡若蟲之寄生率平均為37.3﹪，子代羽化數平均29.3隻，平均發育日數19.5天，而對二齡若蟲之寄生率平均為26.0﹪，子代羽化數平均19.2隻，平均發育日數21.1天。寄生蜂成蟲之第一、二、三日齡對桃白介殼蟲初齡若蟲平均寄生率分別為31.7﹪、36.8﹪及39.2﹪，子代羽化數平均分別為24.3隻、29.3隻及30.2隻。寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)寄生不同密度的桃白介殼蟲(25-300隻)，寄生蜂之子代羽化數目以寄生在25隻寄主最低為11.7隻，寄生在300隻寄主為41.3隻最高﹔寄生蜂之寄生率以寄生在300隻寄主最低為17.8%，寄生在25隻寄主為60.0%最高，此結果顯示寄生蜂之子代數量會隨寄主密度的昇高而增加，但寄生率則隨寄主密度的昇高而下降。在寄主定量時，寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)之寄生率及子代羽化數會隨寄生蜂密度的提高而增加，但平均每隻寄生蜂產生之子代數量則隨寄生蜂密度的提高而下降，在一隻寄生蜂時平均每隻產下子代18.5隻最多，十隻寄生蜂時平均每隻產下子代8.7隻最少。在不同定溫和溼度下，在25℃和90％R.H.時，寄生蜂(A.chionaspidis)之存活壽命平均為5.1天最長。在供給不同食物的試驗結果，以供應餵食純蜜之成蟲平均壽命5.7天最長。本文之研究結果，證實影響寄生蜂寄生之各種因子，可供作生物防治繁殖及釋放寄生蜂之應用。

The objective of this study was to observe the parasitism of a parthenogenesis endoparasitoid﹐Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius on Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzetti). A.chionaspidis was tested to parasitize the first instar nymphs of P.pentagona at 10℃﹐15℃﹐25℃ and 30℃.The results showed that at 15℃﹐20℃ and 25℃﹐the parasitism were 16.8﹐33.5 and 33.8%. Progeny emergence was 11.9﹐26.7 and 26.7 and the developmental duration was 49.8﹐33.2 and 18.3 days﹐respectively. No progeny emerged at 10℃ and 30℃. The regression analysis of the developmental duration from egg to adult with the temperature is linear relationship. The lower-temperature developmental threshold (T0) for A.chionaspidis was 8.3℃. The mean degree-day required for the total development was 400 degree-day. In choice tests﹐parasitisms on the first and the second instar nymphs of host were 52.3 and 18.3%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 21.2 and 6.2﹐respectively ; the developmental duration of A.chionaspidis on the first and the second instar nymphs were 21.2 and 22.0 days﹐respectively. In no-choice test﹐the parasitism on the first and the second instar nymphs were 37.3 and 26.0%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 29.3 and 19.2﹐respectively﹔the developmental duration of A.chionaspidis on the first and the second instar nymphs were 19.5 and 21.1 days﹐respectively. In host stage selection experiment﹐A.chionaspidis parasitized the first and the second instar nymphs of P.pentagona but preferred the first instar nymphs in choice and no-choice tests. The eggs and adults of P.pentagona were invulnerable to A.chionaspidis. The parasitism on the first instar nymphs of P.pentagona of one-day -old﹐two-day-old and three-day-old of A.chionaspidis were 31.7﹐36.8 and 39.2%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 24.3﹐29.3 and 30.2﹐respectively. A.chionaspidis was provided with various host densities ranging from 50-300 hosts. The lowest number of progeny of 11.7 was found at 25 hosts and the highest 41.3 progenies at 300 hosts. The lowest parasitism on nymphs of 17.8% was found at 300 hosts﹐and the highest 60.0% at 25 hosts. It showed that number of progeny of A.chionaspidis increased with host density but decreased for the parasitism on nymphs as host density increased. The highest progeny production of 18.5 per female was found at the density of exposing 1 female parasitoid. The lowest progeny production of 8.7 per female was found at the density of exposing 10 female parasitoids. It showed that the parasitism and progeny number of A.chionaspidis increased with parasitoid density when host density was fixed﹐but the average progeny per female of A.chionaspidis decreased as parasitoid density increased when host density was fixed. At various temperatures and humidities﹐adult of A.chionaspidis had the longest longevity of 5.1 days at 25℃and 90% R.H. A.chionaspidis adult provided with honey had the longest longevity of 5.7 days. This studies verified factors affecting A.chionaspidis contributing to application for mass rearing and field release in biological control program.

壹、前言……………………………………………………………1
貳、前人研究………………………………………………………3
一、桃白介殼蟲之生物學………………………………………3
二、桃白介殼蟲之防治…………………………………………8
三、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂之生物學………………………………10
參、材料與方法……………………………………………………15
一、供試昆蟲來源與飼育………………………………………15
二、溫度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………16
三、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂對不同齡期寄主之自由選擇性寄生…16
四、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂對不同齡期寄主之無選擇性寄生……16
五、寄生蜂日齡對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………17
六、寄主日齡對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………17
七、寄主密度對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………18
八、寄生蜂密度對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………18
九、溫度和溼度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…18
十、食物對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…………19
肆﹑結果……………………………………………………………20
一、桃白介殼蟲天敵之採集……………………………………20
二、溫度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………20
三、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂對不同齡期寄主之選擇寄生…………21
四、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂對不同齡期寄主之無選擇寄生………22
五、寄生蜂日齡對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………22
六、寄主日齡對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………23
七、寄主密度對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………24
八、寄生蜂密度對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………24
九、溫度和溼度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…25
十、食物對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…………26
伍﹑討論……………………………………………………………27
一、桃白介殼蟲天敵之採集……………………………………27
二、溫度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………27
三、桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂對於桃白介殼蟲寄主之齡期選擇……28
四、寄生蜂日齡對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………29
五、寄主日齡對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………29
六、寄主密度對寄生蜂子代數及發育期之影響………………30
七、寄生蜂密度對其子代數及發育期之影響…………………30
八、溫度和溼度對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…31
九、食物對桃白介殼蟲寄生蜂雌性成蟲壽命之影響…………31
陸、中文摘要………………………………………………………33
柒、英文摘要………………………………………………………35
捌、參考文獻………………………………………………………38
玖、圖表……………………………………………………………46

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