臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要
在新設立之生物除磷系統啟動時，都需要以不同之汙泥來進行植種，其主要目的是希望能夠馴養出富含磷蓄積菌（PAO-enriched sludge）之污泥，來達到生物除磷的效果。有學者認為PAOs必須要與一些厭氧菌共生，因為進流基質中有部分物質需要發酵成為短鏈脂肪酸後，PAOs才能夠在厭氧段進行攝取，而發酵與攝取的反應幾乎是同時進行的。並且也有文獻中提出PAO-enriched sludge的菌群結構十分複雜，而其中又以Betaproteobacteria與Actinobacteria為主要優勢菌群（Eschenhagen et al., 2003）。那麼如果利用一般傳統生物處理系統之廢棄污泥（生活汙水廠、工業廢水廠）來進行植種，是否能夠使新設立之生物除磷系統達到我們所期望的除磷效果還未經過證實，因此本研究希望能夠加以證實。
實驗結果發現連續操作馴養約3倍污泥停留時間(SRT)後(40~60天)，系統即呈現穩定狀態，並獲致COD與磷去除成效均極為接近之生物除磷系統。另外，於馴養前的批次實驗結果顯示，於馴養前系統幾乎無釋攝磷現象或僅具極低之釋攝磷行為，但在經過相同條件馴養後，皆能馴養出富含磷蓄積菌之生物處理系統，如此之結果顯示磷蓄積菌應普遍存在於各式傳統活性污泥系統中。最後，由馴養期間水質數據，配合批次實驗與菌相觀察結果發現，雖植種污泥來源不同，但在進流基質與操作條件相同情形下，均可馴養出族群結構相似之富含磷蓄積菌污泥。
另外，厭氧好氧活性污泥系統經長時間的發展已證實具有加強除磷的功能，惟該系統常因某些因素造成除磷效果不彰甚至喪失，肝醣蓄積菌 (Glycogen Accumulating Organisms, GAOs) 與磷蓄積菌 (Phosphate Accumulating Organisms, PAOs) 的競爭被視為最主要的原因之一。對一般廢水處理廠而言，其進流水中的有機物種類極為複雜，因為當進流水經過厭氧段時，即開始產生發酵反應，發酵的產物包含有：乙酸、丙酸、乳酸……等等。另外，當以Glucose為碳源時，可能會導致EBPR效果的喪失 (Cech and Hartman, 1990、1993) ，但亦有其他研究指出此時的EBPR仍可正常穩定的操作 (Nakamura and Dazai, 1986; Arun et al. 1989) 。明顯發現以Glucose為碳源時對EBPR的效果呈現極端的現象。因此研究各種有機物是否對系統除磷效果造成影響，應有進一步探討之必要。本研究即在以醋酸、丙酸、葡萄糖與乳酸為基質，並且分別以三種不同P/C比所馴養的活性污泥來進行實驗，以期能夠求取此三種污泥對於不同碳源的攝取動力參數以及計量關係。
實驗結果發現，乙酸和葡萄糖為單一基質時，對於三種不同P/C比的污泥都不會產生基質攝取抑制的現象，但是當以丙酸和乳酸為單一基質時，三種污泥在基質濃度較高時，皆有基質攝取抑制的現象。進ㄧ步求取三種不同P/C比之污泥對於各種基質的動力參數值，計算結果如下表所示。另外，在計量關係部份，嘗試以不同基質濃度來進行計算，結果顯示不同的基質濃度的確會使計量關係產生變化。
carbon kinetic parameters GAOs (2.8/600) PAOs (11/600) PAOs (22/600)
source
Acetate qm a 0.55 0.70 0.69
Ks b 153.98 132.13 93.67
Glucose qm a 4.00 4.17 4.04
Ks b 176.65 211.80 253.89
Propionate qm a 1.47 1.60 1.30
Ks b 70.73 47.85 20.26
KSI c 176.18 124.42 111.48
Lactate qm a 0.84 0.83 0.76
Ks b 22.86 23.60 44.41
KSI c 219.94 138.48 82.75
a.最大基質攝取速率 (mg/g MLSS/min) b.半飽和常數 (mg/L) c.抑制常數 (mg/L)
綜合實驗結果，可以得知生物處理系統進流中若含有乙酸，對除磷系統有益。至於葡萄糖的部份，三者的最大基質攝取率相似，不過PAOs能夠蓄積較多的PHAs於胞內，因此，推測進流中含有葡萄糖應該不至於對生物除磷系統產生衝擊。丙酸部分，雖然最大基質攝取速率沒有依定的趨勢，但由半飽和常數發現PAOs對於丙酸較具親和力，因此，推測當進流中含有丙酸時，對於生物除磷系統不會產生太大的影響。在乳酸的實驗當中則發現其最大基質攝取速率與半飽和常數都是以GAOs較佳，不過，在計量方面卻發現PAOs能夠蓄積較多的PHAs，到此實驗產生矛盾的現象，因此還無法確定在進流中含有乳酸時，對於生物除磷系統的影響為何。

Abstract

Starting-up of newly established Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EPBR) system requires seeding sludge from other biological treatment plant so as to obtain a PAO-enriched sludge. Some scholars believe PAOs have to coexist with anaerobic bacteria, as PAOs can only take up short chain fatty acid in the anaerobic stage. Some researches mention that micro flora structure of PAO-enriched sludge is very complicated while Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria are the main superiority micro flora. However, whether seeding with waste sludge from traditional biological treatment system (sewage treatment, industry waste water treatment plants) can have the biologically phosphorus removal result of the newly established biological system is still left for further study. Therefore, the research aims at verifying this by seeding different sludge to anaerobic-oxic (A/O) activated sludge system.
After continuous operation of 3 folds of SRT (i.e. 40 to 60 days), the A/O systems become stable and we have similar process performance for the EBPR system. From the results of the batch tests before seeding, almost no phosphorous release/uptake was obseved. However, batch tests after seeding demonstrated excellent phosphorous removal；which means PAOs exist in various traditional active sludge system. Finally, same influent substrate and operation conditions can obtain, PAO-enriched sludge with similar microbial.
It has long been prove although the sludge source is different that anaerobic-oxic (A/O) activated sludge system enhances biologically phosphorus removal, although the effect is often hindered due to some factors. The main reason is the competition between Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) and Phosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAOs). The organic substances in influent water of common waste water treatment plants are complicated. When the influent water is in anaerobic stage, fermentation reaction starts. The fermentation products includes acetate, propionate, and lactate, etc. It is, therefore, suspected whether different organic substances affect the biologically phosphorus removal of the system. Therefore, this study investigated the stoichiometries and kinetic constants of PAO-enriched sludge by using batch tests fed with acetate, propionate, glucose, and latate.
When acetate and glucose are the single substrate, they do not inhibit the substrate uptake of sludge in three different P/C ratios. However, with propionate and lactic as single substrate, higher substrate concentration exhibited self inhibition effects. We have listed the kinetic parameter of sludge from three ratios of P/C on various substrates in the following table. Besides, results show that different substrate concentrations do change their stoichiometry relation.
carbon kinetic parameters GAOs (2.8/600) PAOs (11/600) PAOs (22/600)
source
Acetate qm a 0.55 0.70 0.69
Ks b 153.98 132.13 93.67
Glucose qm 4.00 4.17 4.04
Ks 176.65 211.80 253.89
Propionate qm 1.47 1.60 1.30
Ks 70.73 47.85 20.26
KSI c 176.18 124.42 111.48
Lactate qm 0.84 0.83 0.76
Ks 22.86 23.60 44.41
KSI 219.94 138.48 82.75
a..maximum specific substrate utilization rates (mg/g MLSS/min)
b. saturation constant (mg/L)
c. inhibition constants (mg/L)
Experimented results infer that acetate in biological treatment influent does help biologically phosphorus removal. As for glucose, the maximum specific substrate utilization rates of the three sludge are similar. It is speculated that glucose influent shall not make impacts on EPBR. Although maximum specific substrate utilization rates in propionate has no fixed trend, as PAOs is more affinitive to propionate from KS, it is speculated that propionate in influent does not make much difference on EPBR. In lactic experiment, it is found GAOs has better maximum specific substrate utilization rates and KS. Yet, PAOs can accumulate more PHAs. Therefore, one can still not be sure of the impact on EPBR from lactate influent.

目錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………..………….………x
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….……..……x
誌謝……………………………………………………………….………..……x
目錄 ………………………………………………………………….……….x
表目錄 ……………………………………………………………….…...........xiii
圖目錄 …………………………………………………………………..............xv
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的及內容 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 除磷概論 4
2.1.1加強生物處理系統（EBPR） 4
2.1.2生物除磷的原理 4
2.2 影響除磷效果之外在因素 6
2.2.1揮發性脂肪酸 6
2.2.2溫度 7
2.2.3 pH值 8
2.3 肝醣蓄積菌 9
2.3.1 肝醣蓄積菌的發現 9
2.3.2 肝醣蓄積菌與磷蓄積菌之交互關係 10
2.4 以不同基質為碳源時活性污泥之代謝路徑 11
2.4.1 乙酸為單一基質 11
2.4.2 葡萄糖為單一基質 14
2.4.3 丙酸為單一基質 15
2.4.4 乳酸為單一基質 17
第三章 實驗設備與方法 21
3.1 實驗架構 21
3.2 連續操作SBRs模廠 22
3.3 批次實驗 26
3.3.1不同植種污泥進行生物除磷系統啟動之批次實驗 26
3.3.2不同碳源對活性污泥系統厭氧代謝行為影響之批次實驗 26
3.4 分析方法與實驗設備 27
第四章 結果與討論 29
4.1以不同植種污泥進行生物除磷系統啟動之實驗 29
4.1.1 不同植種污泥馴養期間水質監測 29
4.1.2 不同植種污泥馴養前後以乙酸為碳源之批次實驗 31
4.1.4 不同植種污泥馴養前後微生物族群變化情形 36
4.2模廠穩定期間水質數據 37
4.2.1 高磷（22/600）SBR模廠 37
4.2.2 中磷（11/600）SBR模廠 38
4.2.3 低磷（2.8/600）SBR模廠 38
4.3不同碳源對活性污泥系統厭氧代謝行為之影 39
4.3.1 以乙酸為單一碳源 39
4.3.1.1 厭氧代謝行為 39
4.3.1.2 動力關係 40
4.3.1.3 基質攝取計量關係 43
4.3.2 以葡萄糖為單一碳源 46
4.3.2.1 厭氧代謝行為 46
4.3.2.2 動力關係 47
4.3.2.3 基質攝取計量關係 49
4.3.3以丙酸為單一碳源 51
4.3.3.1 厭氧代謝行為 52
4.3.3.2 動力關係 52
4.3.3.3 基質攝取計量關係 56
4.3.4 以乳酸為單一碳源 58
4.3.4.1 厭氧代謝行為 58
4.3.4.2 動力關係 60
4.3.4.3 基質攝取計量關係 64
第五章 結論與建議 67
5.1結論 67
5.1.1 以不同植種污泥進行生物除磷系統啟動之實驗 67
5.1.2 不同碳源對活性污泥系統厭氧代謝行為之影響 67
5.2建議 69
5.2.1 以不同植種污泥進行生物除磷系統啟動之實驗 69
5.2.2 不同碳源對活性污泥系統厭氧代謝行為之影響 69
參考文獻 70
附錄A-1：以醋酸為碳源之批次實驗 (22/600) 77
附錄A-2：以葡萄糖為碳源之批次實驗 (22/600) 79
附錄A-3：以丙酸為碳源之批次實驗 (22/600) 81
附錄A-4：以乳酸為碳源之批次實驗 (2.8/600) 83
附錄A-5：以乳酸為碳源之批次實驗 (11/600) 85
附錄A-6：以乳酸為碳源之批次實驗 (22/600) 87
附錄B-1：不同植種污泥馴養前批次實驗 89
附錄B-2：不同植種污泥馴養後批次實驗 91
附錄B-3：不同植種污泥馴養期間水質變化 93

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