臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
硬齒獼猴桃為獼猴桃科的高大攀緣性植物，分佈於南亞，主要產於中國南部、印尼、印度、馬來西亞和台灣的中低海拔灌木叢。其莖部甲醇抽出物對Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-221387體外試驗顯示具有抗結核菌活性。甲醇抽出物經分配後的正己烷可溶部、氯仿可溶部及水可溶部顯現抗結核菌活性。由本植物之正己烷可溶部，共分離出28個化合物，包括16種三萜類化合物: ??-amyrinyl palmitate (1)、taraxerol (7)、lupeol (8)、taraxasteryl palmitate (10)、pseudo-taraxasteryl palmitate (11)、ursolic acid acetate (14)、3??-acetoxy-12-ursen-11-one (15)、3??-acetoxy-11-ursen-13??,30-olide (16)、3??-acetylurs-28,13-olide (18)、oleanolic acid (20)。混合物??-amyrenonol (23)與??-amyrenonol (24)、ursolic acid (25)、callosandiol (26)、actinidenic acid (27)、callosenol (28)，5種固醇類化合物: ??-sitosterone (12)、??-sitosterol (13)、5??-stigmastan-3,6-dione (17)、6??-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (21)、ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide (22)，2種維他命E衍生物類: ??-tocopherol (2)、??-tocospirol B (9)，以及5種長鏈脂肪族類: methyl oleate (3)、(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-methyloctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate (4)與(13Z,16Z,19Z,22Z)-methylpentacosa-13,16,19,22-tetraenoate (5)的混合物，methyl linoleate (6)，(Z)-hexacos-13-enoic acid (19)。
本植物氯仿層可溶部，共分離出4個化合物，包括1種三萜類化合物：asiatic acid (29)，1種固醇類化合物：stigmasterol (30)，1種phenylpropanoid類化合物：trans-coniferyl aldehyde (31)，1種coumarin類化合物：umbelliferone (32)。
這些分離得到化合物中，callosandiol (26)，actinidenic acid (27)和callosenol (28)為新化合物，並利用光譜數據解析其結構。化合物14、25、29與其乙醯化產物29a顯示對Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-221387具有抗結核菌活性。

Abstract
Actinidia callosa Lindl. var. callosa (Actinidiaceae) is a tall climbing tree, and MeOH extract of its stems showed significant antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-221387 (clinical isolate) in vitro. The MeOH extract was partitioned into n-hexane-, CHCl3-, n-BuOH and H2O-soluble fractions, and showed significant antitubercular activity except n-BuOH-soluble fraction. The investigation of the n-hexane-soluble fraction led to the isolation of twenty-eight compounds, including sixteen triterpenoids: ??-amyrinyl palmitate (1), taraxerol (7), lupeol (8), taraxasteryl palmitate (10), pseudo-taraxasteryl palmitate (11), ursolic acid acetate (14), 3??-acetoxy-12-ursen-11-one (15), 3??-acetoxy-11-ursen-13??,30-olide (16), 3??-acetoxyurs-28,13-olide (18), oleanolic acid (20), mixture of ??-amyrenonol (23) and ??-amyrenonol (24), ursolic acid (25), callosandiol (26), actinidenic acid (27), callosenol (28), five steroids: ??-sitosterone (12), ??-sitosterol (13), 5??-stigmastan-3,6-dione (17), 6??-hydroxy- stigmast-4-en-3-one (21), ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide (22), two tocopherols: ??-tocopherol (2), ??-tocospirol B (9), five aliphatic long-chain compounds: methyl oleate (3), mixture of (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-methyloctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate (4) and (13Z,16Z,19Z,22Z)-methylpentacosa-13,16,19,22-tetraenoate (5), methyl linoleate (6), and (Z)-hexacos-13-enoic acid (19), respectively.
The investigation of the CHCl3-soluble fraction led to the isolation of four compounds, including one triterpenoid: asiatic acid (29), one steroid: stigmasterol (30), one phenylpropanoid: trans-coniferyl aldehyde (31), one coumarin: umbelliferone (32), respectively.
Among these isolates, 26, 27, and 28 are new compounds. The structures of these isolates were established by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 14, 25, 29 and its acetate 29a showed antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-221387。

總目錄
誌謝
總目錄 I
圖目錄 IV
表目錄 XII
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
第一章 、緒言 1
第二章 、研究動機與目的 5
第三章 、獼猴桃屬植物過去成分的回顧 7
第四章 、過去抗結核菌植物研究概要………………………………..30
第五章、結果與討論 ………48
第一節 莖部之抽取與分離 48
第二節 ??-Amyrinyl palmitate (1)之結構解析………………..58
第三節 ??-Amyrin (1a)之結構解析 63
第四節 ??-Tocopherol (2)之結構解析 66
第五節 Methyl oleate (3)之結構解析 .. 71
第六節 (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-Methyl octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate
(4) and (13Z,16Z,19Z,22Z)-Methylpentacosa-13,16,19, 22-tetraenoate (5)之結構解析… 75
第七節 Methyl linolate (6) 之結構解析 ……………..79
第八節 Taraxerol (7) 之結構解析 ……………...83
第九節 Lupeol (8) 之結構解析 ………………87
第十節 ??-Tocophspiro B.(9) .之結構解析 ………………90
第十一節 Taraxasteryl palmitate (10)之結構解析 ……………...95
第十二節 Pseudo-Taraxasteryl palmitate (11)之結構解析 ……..99
第十三節 ??-Sitostenone (12)之結構解析 …………104
第十四節 ??-Sitosterol (13)之結構解析 …………109
第十五節 Ursolic acid acetate (14)之結構解析 ……………114
第十六節 3??-Acetoxy-12-ursen-11-one (15)之結構解析……...118
第十七節 3??-Acetoxy-11-ursen-13??,30-olide (16)
之結構解析 133
第十八節 5??-Stigmastan-3,6-dione (17)之結構解析 ………….147
第十九節 3??-Acetoxyurs-28,13-olide (18)之結構解析……….152
第二十節 Hexacos-13-enoic acid (19)之結構解析……………158
第二十一節 Oleanolic acid (20)之結構解析……………………..162
第二十二節 6??-Hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (21)之結構解析….166
第二十三節 Ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide (22)之結構解析..…….171
第二十四節 ??-Amyrenonol (23) and ??-Amyrenonol (24)
之結構解析…………………………………………176
第二十五節 Ursolic acid (25)之結構解析………………………..184
第二十六節 Callosandiol (26)之結構解析……………………….188
第二十七節 Actinidenic acid (27)之結構解析…………………...203
第二十八節 Callosenol (28)之結構解析…………………............218
第二十九節 Asiatic acid (29)之結構解析………………………..234
第三十節 Asiatic acid triacetate (29a)之結構解析……………247
第三十一節 ??-Sitosterol (13) and Stigmasterol (30)
之結構解析................................................................258
第三十二節 trans-Coniferyl aldehyde (31)之結構解析………….261
第三十三節 Umbelliferone (32)之結構解析……………………..266
第六章、 抗結核活性之研究………………………………………..270
第一節 .前言………………………………………………….270
第二節 .實驗方法及步驟…………………………………….271
第三節 .抗結核活性評估…………………………………….272
第七章、結論………………………………………………………..274
第八章、實驗部分 ..277
第一 節 .儀器與材料 ..277
第二 節 .莖部之抽取與分離………………………………….279
第三 節 .正己烷可溶部之分離 ……………………………….279第四 節 .氯仿可溶部之分離………………………………….292
第五 節 .化合物之實驗數據………………………………….295
參考文獻 314

參考文獻
1.Peng, Jen-Jye; Lu, Fu-Yuan; Actinidiaceae in Flora of Taiwan, Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., 2nd ed., Vol. II; 1996; pp. 656~661.
2.行政院衛生署網站之疾病管制局全球資訊網，參考網頁：http://www.cdc.gov.tw/index_index_info.asp.
3.行政院衛生署；台灣地區2010年衛生指標白皮書；台北；第一版；94年12月；pp.37-38.
4.Webby, R. F.; A flavonol triglycoside from Actinidia arguta var. giraldii; Phytochemistry; 1991; 30; 2443-2444.
5.Lahlou, E. H.; Hirai, N.; Kamo, T.; Tsuda, M.; Ohigashi, H.; Actinidic acid, a new triterpene phytoalexin from unripe kiwi fruit; Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry; 2001; 65; 480-483.
6.Webby, R. F.; Markham, K. R.; Flavonol 3-O-triglycosides from Actinidia species; Phytochemistry; 1990; 29; 289-292.
7.Matich, A. J.; Young, H.; Allen, J. M.; Wang, M. Y. Fielder, S.; McNeilage, M. A.; MacRae, E. A.; Actinidia arguta: volatile compounds in fruit and flowers; Phytochemistry; 2003; 63; 285-301.
8.Sakan, T.; Fujino, A.; Murai, F.; Nippon Kagaku Zasshi; 1960; 81; 1320-1324; ibid, 1322-1326; ibid, 1327-1332; ibid, 1444-1445; ibid, 1445-1447; ibid, 1447-1450. [Chem Abstr.; 1962; 56; 11644b-11645d].
9.Yoshihara, K.; Sakai, T.; Sakan, T.; Dehydroiridodial, the pungent principle of Actinidia polygama Miq; Chemistry Letters; 1978; 4; 433-434.
10.Sakai, T.; Nakajima, K.; Yoshihara, K.; Sakan, T.; Isoe, S.; Revisions of the absolute configurations of C-8 methyl groups in dehydroiridodiol, neonepetalactone, and matatabiether from Actinidia polygama Miq; Tetrahedron; 1980; 36; 3115-3119.
11.Sashida, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Mori, N.; Yamanouchi, T.; Triterpenoids from the fruit galls of Actinidia polygama; Phytochemistry; 1992; 31; 2801-2804.
12.Sashida, Y.; Ogawa, K.; Yamanouchi, T.; Tanaka, H.; Shoyama, Y.; Nishioka, I.; Triterpenoids from callus tissue of Actinidia polygama; Phytochemistry; 1994; 35; 377-380.
13.a).Takazawa, H.; Yoshimura, K.; Ikuta, A.; Kawaguchi, K.; Production of triterpenes from the callus tissues of Actinidiaceous plants; Plant Biotechnology 2002; 19; 181-186. b). Shoyama, Y.; Chen, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Sasaki, Y.; Sashida, Y.; Actinidia polygama (Japanese name Matatabi): In Vitro culture. Micropropagation, and the production of monoterpenes and triterpenoids. In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry; 1998; 41; 1-13.
14.Otsuka, H.; Hirata, E.; Shinzato, T.; Takeda, Y.; Stereochemistry of megastigmane glucosides from Glochidion zeylanicum and Alangium premnifolium; Phytochemistry; 2003; 62; 763-768.
15.Sakan, T.; Isoe, S.; Hyeon, S. B.; The structure of actinidiolide, dihydroactinidiolide and actinidol; Tetrahedron Letters; 1967; 1623-1627.
16.Murai, F.; Tagawa, M.; New iridoid enol glucosides, iridodialogentiobioside and dehydroiridodialogentiobioside from Actinidia polygama; Planta Medica; 1979; 37; 234-240.
17.Hyeon, S. B.; Isoe, S.; Sakan, T.; The structure of neomatatabiol, the potent attractant for Chrysopa from Actinidia polygama Miq.; Tetrahedron Letters; 1968; 5325-5326.
18.Lin, P. F.; Antitumor effect of Actinidia chinensis polysaccharide on murine tumor; Chung-Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih; 1988; 10; 441-444.
19.Kalandiya, A.; Vanidze, M.; Papunidze, S.; Chkhikvishvili, I.; Shalashvili A.; Flavonols from Chinese actinidia (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) fruits; Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences ; 2001; 163; 157-159.
20.Chang, J.; Case, R.; Cytotoxic phenolic constituents from the root of Actinidia chinensis; Planta Medica; 2005; 71; 955-959.
21.Ji Z, Liang X. T.; Chemical constituents of the root of Actinidia chinensis Planch.; Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica; 1985; 20; 778-781.
22.Murai, F.; Tagawa, M.; Ohishi, H.; Absolute structure of kiwiionoside as a precursor of loliolide and actinidiolide, from Actinidia chinensis; Planta Medica; 1992; 58; 112-114.
23.Webby, R. F.; Wilson, R. D.; Ferguson, A. R.; Leaf flavonoids of Actinidia; Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1994; 22; 277-286.
24.Takano, F.; Tanaka, T.; Tsukamoto, E.; Yahagi, N.; Fushiya, S.; Isolation of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin from Actinidia arguta as bone marrow cell proliferation promoting compounds; Planta Medica; 2003; 69; 321-326.
25.Cantrell, C. L.; Franzblau, S. G.; Fischer, N. H.; Antimycobacterial plant terpenoids; Planta Medica; 2001; 67; 685-694.
26.Wächter, G. A.; Valcic, S.; Franzblau, S. G.; Suarez, E.; Timmermann, B. N.; Antitubercular activity of triterpenoids from Lippia turbinata; Journal of Natural Products; 2001; 64; 37-41.
27.Kittakoop, P.; Wanasith, S.; Watts, P.; Kramyu, J.; Tanticharoen, M.; Thebtaranonth, Y.; Potent antiviral potamogetonyde and potamogetonol, new furanoid labdane diterpenes from Potamogeton malaianus; Journal of Natural Products; 2001; 64; 385-388.
28.Constantine, G. H.; Karchesy, J. J.; Franzblau, S. G.; LaFleur, L. E.; (+)-Totarol from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Fitoterapia; 2001; 72; 572-574.
29.Cantrell, C. L.; Rajab, M. S.; Franzblau, S. G.; Fronczek, F. R.; Fischer, N. H.; Antimycobacterial ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide from Ajuga remota; Planta Medica; 1999; 65; 732-734.
30.Cantrell, C. L.; Rajab, M. S.; Franzblau, S. G.; Fischer, N. H.; Antimycobacterial triterpenes from Melia volkensii; Journal of Natural Products; 1999; 62; 546-548.
31.Asres, K.; Bucar. F.; Edelsbrunner, S.; Kartnig, T.; Höger, G.; Thiel, W.; Investigations on antimycobacterial activity of some Ethiopian medicinal plants; Phytotherapy Research; 2001; 15; 323-326.
32.Isaka, M.; Jaturapat, A.; Rukseree, K.; Danwisetkanjana, K.; Tanticharoen, M.; Thebtaranonth, Y.; Phomoxanthones A and B, novel xanthone dimmers from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis species; Journal of Pharmaceutical Science; 2001; 64; 1015-1018.
33.Ghosal, S.; Chaudhuri, R. K.; Chemical constituents of gentianaceae ⅩⅥ: antitubercular activity of xanthones of Canscora decussata Schult.; Journal of Natural Products; 1975; 64; 888-889.
34.Newton, S. M.; Lau, C.; Wright, C. W.; A review of antimycobacterial natural products; Phytotherapy Research; 2000; 14; 303-322.
35.Chávez, J. P.; Dos Santos, I. D.; Cruz, F. G.; David, J. M.; Flavonoids and triterpene ester derivatives from Erythroxylum leal costae; Phytochemistry; 1996; 41; 941-943.
36.Kikuchi, T.; Yokoi, T.; Niwa, M.; Shingu, T.; Application of homonuclear internuclear double resonance technique in triterpene field.I. nuclear Overhauser effects between methyl groups; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 1977; 25; 2078-2081.
37.Kitajima, J.; Kimizuka, K.; Arai, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Constituents of Ficus punila leaves; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 1998; 46; 1647-1649.
38.Wu, T. S.; Chang, F. C.; Wu, P. L.; Kuoh, C. S.; Chen, I. S.; Constituents of leaves of Tetradium glabrifolium; Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society; 1995; 42; 929-934.
39.Shih, K. C.; Angelici, R. J.; Iron carbonyl-promoted isomerization of olefin esters to their ??,??-unsaturated esters: methyl oleate and other examples; Journal of Organic Chemistry; 1996; 61; 7784-7792.
40.Kakisawa, H.; Asari, F.; Kusumi, T.; Toma, T.; Sakurai, T.; Oohusa, T.; Hara, Y.; Chihara, M.; An allelopathic fatty acid from the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus; Phytochemistry; 1988; 27; 731-735.
41.Alamsjah, M. A.; Hirao, S.; Ishibashi, F.; Fujita, Y.; Isolation and structure determination of algicidal Compounds from Ulva fasciata; Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry; 2005; 69; 2186-2192.
42.Purcell, J. M.; Morris, S. G.; Susi, H.; Proton magnetic resonance spectra of unsaturated fatty acids; Analytical Chemistry; 1966; 38; 588-592.
43.Kaltia, S.; Matikainen, J.; Hase, T.; Z→E Photoisomerization of homoactivated carbon carbon double bonds; Synthetic Communications; 1991; 21; 1083-1086.
44.Ogihara, K.; Higa, M.; Hokama, K.; Suga, T.; Triterpenes from the leaves of Parsonsia laevigata; Phytochemistry; 1987; 26; 783-785.
45.Sakurai, N.; Yaguchi, Y.; Inoue, T.; Triterpenoids from Myrica rubra; Phytochemistry; 1987; 26; 217-219.
46.Reynolds, W. F.; McLean, S.; Poplawski, J.; Enriquez, R. G.; Escobar, L. I.; Leon, I.; Total assignment of 13C and 1H spectra of three isomeric triterpenol derivatives by 2D NMR: an investigation of the potential utility of 1H chemical shifts in structural investigations of complex natural products; Tetrahedron; 1986; 42; 3419-3428.
47.Chiang, Y. M.; Kuo, Y. H.; Two novel ??-tocopheroids from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; Tetrahedron Letters; 2003; 44; 5125-5128.
48.Iijima, K.; Kiyohara, H.; Tanaka, M.; Matsumoto, T.; Cyong, J. C.; Yamada, H.; Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula britannica subsp. japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo; Planta Medica; 1995; 61; 50-53.
49.Tomosaka, H.; Koshino, H.; Tajika, T.; Omata, S.; Lupeol esters from the twig bark of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) cv. Shinko; Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry; 2001; 65; 1198-1201.
50.Todorova, M.; Ognyanov, I.; Pentacyclic triterpenes in roots of Jurinea albicaulis; Fitoterapia; 1996; 67; 383-384.
51.Oger, J. M.; Richomme, P.; Bruneton, J.; Guinaudeau, H.; Steroids from Neosiphonia Supertes, a marine fossil sponge; Journal of Natural Products; 1991; 54; 273-275.
52.Greca, M. D.; Monaco, P.; Previtera, L.; Stigmasterols from Typha latifolia; Journal of Natural Products; 1990; 53; 1430-1435.
53.Tkachev, A. V.; Denisov, A. Y.; Oxidative decarboxylation by hydrogen peroxide and a mercury (II) salt: a simple route to nor-derivatives of acetyloleanolic, acetylursolic and dehydroabietic acids; Tetrahedron; 1994; 50; 2591-2598.
54.Talapatra, S. K.; Sarkar, A. C.; Talapatra, B.; Two pentacyclic triterpenes from Rubia cordifolia; Phytochemistry; 1981; 20; 1923-1927.
55.Kuo, Y. H.; Li, Y. C.; Constituents of the bark of Ficus microcarpa L. f; Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society; 1997; 44; 321-325.
56.Katai, M.; Terai, T.; Meguri, H.; Triterpenoids of the bark of Pieris japonica D. Don (Japanese name: Asebi). II. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of the ??-lactones of ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenes; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 1983; 31; 1567-1571.
57.Wang, H.; Fujimoto Y.; Triterpene esters from Eucalyptus tereticornis; Phytochemistry; 1993; 33; 151-153.
58.Tanaka, N.; Duan, H.; Takaishi, Y.; Kawazoe, K.; Goto, S.; Terpenoids from Tripterygium doianum (Celastraceae); Phytochemistry; 2002; 61; 93-98.
59.Lim, J. C.; Park, J. H.; Budesinsky, M.; Kasal, A.; Han, Y. H.; Koo, B. S.; Lee, S. I.; Lee, D. U.; Antimutagenic constituents from the thorns of Gleditsia sinensis; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 2005; 53; 561-564.
60.Gaspar, E. M. M.; Das Neves, H. J. C.; Steroidal constituents from mature wheat straw; Phytochemistry；1993; 34; 523-527.
61.Cheung, H. T,; Wong, C. S.; Structures of triterpenes from Dryobalanops aromatica; Phytochemistry; 1972; 11; 1771-1780.
62.Begum, S.; Farhat; Sultana, I.; Siddiqui, B. S.; Shaheen, F.; Gilani, A. H.; Spasmolytic constituents from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa leaves; Journal of Natural Products; 2000; 63; 1265-1268.
63.Su, B. N.; Takaishi, Y.; Morinins H-K, four novel phenylpropanol ester lipid metabolites from Morina chinensis; Journal of Natural Products; 1999; 62; 1325-1327.
64.Gunstone, F. D.; Pollard, M. R.; Scrimgeour, C. M.; Vedanayagam, H. S.; Fatty acids. part 50. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of olefinic fatty acids and esters; Chemistry and Physics of Lipids; 1977; 18; 115-129.
65.Maillard, M.; Adewunmi, C. O.; Hostettmann, K.; A triterpene glycoside from the fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera; Phytochemistry; 1992; 31; 1321-1323.
66.Seebacher, W.; Simic, N.; Weis, R.; Saf2, R.; Kunert, O.; Spectral assignments and reference data; Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry; 2003; 41; 636-638.
67.Khan, A. Q.; Malik, A.; A steroid from Calotropis procera; Phytochemistry; 1989; 28; 2859-2861.
68.Kobori, M.; Yoshida, M.; Kameyama, M. O.; Takei, T.; Shinmoto, H.; 5??,8??-Epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3??-ol from an edible mushroom suppresses growth of HL60 leukemia and HT 29 colon adenocarcinoma cells; Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 2006; 29; 755-759.
69.Matsunaga, S.; Tanaka, R.; Akagi, M.; Triterpenoids from Euphorbia maculata; Phytochemistry; 1988; 27; 535-537.
70.Ruzicka, L.; Muller, G.; Schellenberg, H.; Ketoderivate und oxide der ??- und ??-amyrinreine; Helvetica Chimica Acta; 1939; 22; 758-766.
71.Houghton, P. J.; Lian, L. M.; Triterpenoids from Desfontainia spinosa; Phytochemistry; 1986; 25; 1939-1944.
72.Lee, K. H.; Lin, Y. M.; Wu, T. S.; Zhang, D. C.; Yamagishi, T.; Hayashi, T.; Hall, I. H.; Chang, J. J.; Wu, R. Y.; Yang, T. H.; The cytotoxic principles of Prunella vulgaris, Psychotria serpens, and Hyptis capitata: ursolic acid and related derivatives; Planta Medica; 1988; 54; 308-311.
73.Sultanova, N.; Makhmoor, T.; Yasin, A.; Abilov, Z. A.; Omurkamzinova, V. B.; ur-Rahman, A.; Choudhary, M. I.; Isotamarixen-a new antioxidant and prolyl endopeptidase-inhibiting tripenoid from Tamarix hispida. Planta Medica; 2004; 70; 65-67.
74.Fu, L.; Zhang, S.; Li, N.; Wang, J.; Zhao, M.; Sakai, J.; Hasegawa, T.; Mitsui, T.; Kataoka, T.; Oka, S.; Kiuchi, M.; Hirose, K.; Ando, M.; Three new triterpenes from Nerium oleander and biological activity of the isolated compounds; Journal of Natural Products; 2005; 68; 198-206.
75.Taniguchi, S.; Imayoshi, Y.; Kobayashi, E.; Takamatsu, Y.; Ito, H.; Hatano, T.; Sakagami, H.; Tokuda, H.; Nishino, H. Sugita, D.; Shimura, S.; Yoshida, T.; Production of bioactive triterpenes by Eriobotrya japonica calli; Phytochemistry; 2002; 59; 315-323.
76.De Sousa Menezes, F.; Borsatto, Á. S.; Pereira, N. A.; De abreu Matos, F. J.; Kaplan, M. A. C.; Chamaedrydiol, an ursane triterpene from Marsypianthes chamaedrys; Phytochemistry; 1998; 48; 323-325.
77.Numata, A.; Yang, P.; Takahashi, C.; Fujiki, R.; Nabae, M.; Fujita, E.; Cytotoxic triterpenes from a Chinese medicine, Goreishi; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 1989; 37; 648-651.
78.Ahmad, V. U.; Bano, S.; Bano, N.; A triterpene acid from Nepeta hindostana; Phytochemistry; 1986; 25; 1487-1488.
79.Kojima, H.; Ogura, H.; Configurational studies on hydroxy groups at C-2,3 and 23 or 24 of oleanene and ursene-type triterpenes by NMR spectroscopy; Phytochemistry; 1989; 28; 1703-1710.
80.Sung, T. V.; Lavaud, C.; Porzel, A.; Steglich, W.; Adam, G.; Triterpenoids and their glycosides from the bark of Schefflera octophylla; Phytochemistry; 1992; 31; 227-231.
81.Kikuchi, T.; Matsuda, S.; Kadota, S.; Sakai, Y.; Namba, T.; Watanabe, K.; Dissanayake, D. M. R. B.; Studies on the constituents of medicinal and related plants in Sri Lanka. I. new triterpenes from Hedyotis lawsoniae; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin; 1984; 32; 3906-3911.
82.Miyazawa, M.; Hisama, M.; Antimutagenic activity of phenylpropanoids from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum); Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; 2003; 51; 6413-6422.
83.Handa, S. S.; Kinghorn, A. D.; Cordell, G. A.; Farnsworth, N. R.; Plant anticancer agents. XXVI. constituents of Peddiea fischeri; Journal of Natural Products; 1983; 46; 248-250.
84.Chang, C. J.; Floss, H. G.; Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of coumarins. Carbon-13-proton long-range couplings; Journal of Organic Chemistry; 1977; 42; 1377-1340.
85.(a) Lorian, V.; Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine; Willians & Wilkins, Baltimore, 4th ed., 1996; pp. 132-139; (b) ibid, p. 134; (c) ibid, pp.145-150; (d) ibid, p. 133.
86.陸坤泰主編; 結核菌檢驗手冊；行政院衛生署疾病管制局出版；台北市；第一板；民國91年3月；pp. 89-108。