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研究生:楊馥綺
研究生(外文):Fu-Chi Yang
論文名稱:加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所面臨的困境及所需協助
論文名稱(外文):The Dilemma and Needs of Taiwan's Critical Care Nurses in Taking Care of Organ Transplant Recipients
指導教授:施富金施富金引用關係
指導教授(外文):Fu-Jin Shih
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立陽明大學
系所名稱:臨床暨社區護理研究所
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:護理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2009
畢業學年度:97
語文別:中文
論文頁數:286
中文關鍵詞:加護病房護理人員資深及資淺者器官移植照護困境所需協助對應策略探索性質性研究法
外文關鍵詞:critical care nursesyoung and senior nurseorgan transplant caring dilemmasneeded helpcoping strategiesexplorative qualitative study
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研究背景:加護病房護理人員照護器官移植患者時,除須面對許多突發及複雜狀況,更需周旋於患者、家屬、護理及醫療團隊之間,以充份了解病情、把握黄金時間提供最佳之醫護措施。資淺及資深護理人員之照護困境、所需協助、對應策略及影響因素亟需被了解及深入探討,以提升器官移植護理專照護品質。

研究目的:本研究目的旨在以加護病房護理人員觀點探討面臨照護器官移植者的困境、所需協助、對應策略及影響因素,並比較資淺及資深護理人員之經驗。

研究設計:本研究採探索性質性研究法,以台灣中部某一醫學中心為收案場所。採立意取樣法收案,以半結構式訪談指引,參與式觀察法深入訪談收集資料,資料分析以質性內容分析法分析。

研究結果:本研究共訪談30位照護器官移植者的加護病房護理人員,29位為女性。受訪者介於26-44歲(M ± SD = 36.3 ± 4.5)。有21位已婚,9位未婚。最高護理教育程度為21位大學、8位專科、1位碩士。宗教信仰方面,有14位為一般民間信仰、佛教9位、5位受訪者無宗教信仰、2位各為一貫道及基督教。在護理專業職稱方面,有21位護士、5位護理師、2位專科護理師、護理長及副護理長各1位。護理專業總年資介於3-22年(平均13年8個月);器官移植護理相關工作年資介於0.5-15年(平均4年10個月) 。在器官移植護理訓練方面,26位曾接受器官移植護理訓練, 4位完全未接受器官移植護理訓練。

受訪者照護器官移植者的困境為:(1)醫療資源的限制、(2)缺乏良好心理建設、(3)護理專業能力不足、(4)工作負荷量大、及(5)醫療團隊協調性欠缺等五方面。
受訪者照護器官移植者的所需具體協助為:(1)成立器官移植中心及照護小組、(2)硬體設備的改善、(3)個案及臨床多重臟器移植個案討論會、(4)家屬的哀傷輔導、(5)器官移植護理程序標準化、(6)完善的人文關懷訓練計劃、(7)完善的照護訓練及在職教育計畫、(8)提供資深人員院外或國外的交換進修機會、(9)同儕、長官及醫療團隊的支持、(10)協助護理人員紓解壓力、(11)照護多重臟器移植的充足護理人力、(12)增加資淺者來照護重症及器官移植、(13)排班的制度化、(14)時數津貼的補助、(15)醫師間、醫師與護理人員間的共識、(16)明確的治療方針、及(17)社工人員的介入協調等。
受訪者照護器官移植者所採取之對應策略為:(1)尋求醫院行政主管對政策之重視、(2)向院方建議提供良好的醫療環境、(3)落實個案(含失敗、多重臟器移植案例)討論會、(4)多重器官移植之臨床路徑的建構、(5)成立多重臟器移植照護小組、(6)人文關懷訓練計畫的落實、(7)有系統在職教育的執行、(8)提供器官移植護理專業認證、(9)向院方建議改善護理人員的給薪制度、(10)向院方建議改善護理人事制度、(11)建立完善的護理人員輔導制度、(12)尋求可利用的資源、及(13)社工團隊的協助。最後,資深及資淺者兩組護理人員照護器官移植者的困境、所需協助及具體的對應策略,亦進一步加以比較,(1)資淺護理人員,由於照護經驗與專業知能不足,在照護過程中容易受挫,在可利用資源不如資深者來得多;(2)資深護理人員,在面對器官移植者的變化與醫療團隊協調性欠缺等問題時,較能迅速的尋求到資源,並有效解決問題。

結論:本研究以加護病房護理人員的角度發現資深及資淺者照護器官移植者的困境、所需協助及具體的對應策略有所異同﹔將有助於未來為兩組護理人員提供有系統的培訓與支持計畫的參考,進而有效提升整體臨床器官移植照護品質。

關鍵詞:加護病房護理人員、資深及資淺者、器官移植照護困境、所需協助、對應策略、探索性質性研究法
Background
In caring for the organ transplant (OT) donors and recipients, critical care nurses (CCN) are always challenged to effectively manage complex caring situations related to organ donors, recipients, their families, nursing and interdisciplinary health team members. It is important to learn their perspectives of caring dilemmas, needed helps, coping strategies between young and senior nurses.

Purpose
The purposes of this study were to explore CCN’s perspective of their caring dilemma for organ transplant donors and recipients, their needed help, and coping strategies between young and senior nurses.

Method
A qualitative exploratory study was used. A purposive sample of CCN with experiences of OT was obtained from a leading medical center in Central Taiwan. With semi-structured interview guide, data were collected by in-depth face-to-face interviews, and analyzed by qualitative content analysis mode.

Results
A total of 30 CCN (29 females, 1 male) participated in this peoject. They were aged between 26 ~ 44 (M ± SD = 36.3 ± 4.5) years old. Twenty-one of them were married, and 9 were single. The majority graduated from university or college. Fourteen of them reported a belief of combination of Confucianism and Buddhism, 9 were Buddhists, 5 were non-believers, and others were Taoist or Christian. In terms of nursing professional status, 21 were occupational nurses, 5 were registered nurses, 2 were nurse practitioners, and others were head nurse or assistant head nurse. The years of nursing profession ranged between 3 ~ 22 (M = 13.8) years; the years of organ transplant nursing care ranged between 0.5 ~ 15 (M = 4.10) years. Finally, 26 received OT training programs, and the rest reported having no related training.
Five caring dilemmas were reported as: (a) limitations in medical resources; (b) lacking of sound mental preparations; (c) insufficient OT professional care competence; (d) workload of caring; and (e) inefficient coordination and communication between OT team members.
Several explicit needed help were identified as: (a) a functional OT center and long-term OT caring team; (b) improvement in medical equipments and materials; (c) holding periodical single/multiple OT case conference and forum; (d) bereavement care for the donors’ and recipient’s family; (e) OT nursing care standard operating procedure (SOP); (f) comprehensive humanistic training program; (g) comprehensive OT in-service training programs; (h) opportunities of national and/or overseas advanced OT training for senior CCN; (I) encouragement from peers, superiors, and medical team members; (j) stress-managing protocols for CCN; (k) sufficient nursing manpower in multi-organ transplant ICUs; (l) recruiting more young RNs to learn OT care; (m) reasonable work shifts; (n) reimbursement for overtime-work; (o) consensus among physician, CCN and other OT team members; (p) precise caring guidance and decision-making; and (q) coordination efforts from social workers.
The coping strategies for needed help were: (a) arousing hospital administrators’ attentions to update OT policies; (b) asking hospitals to provide safe caring environment; (c) holding case conference for successful and failed cases; (d) developing clinical paths for multiple OT cases; (e) establishing long-term team for multiple OT cases; (f) implementing humanistic caring training program; (g) hosting systematical OT in-service training program; (h) offering professional certification for OT CCN; (i) asking hospital to offer reasonable payment systems for OT CCN; (j) asking hospital to offer reasonable manpower systems for OT CCN; (k) establishing coaching systems for OT CCN; (l) searching for available resources; and (m) inviting assistance from social workers. Finally, the perspectives between the young and senior CCN were further compared and discussed.

Conclusions
The project explored and compared Taiwan’s OT CCN’s perspectives of their caring dilemmas for OT clients, their needed help, and coping strategies for the difficulties. The findings between young and senior CCN’s groups are not identical. The nurse educators and administrators are suggested to develop related programs and administrative support to meet this particular group’s multiple needs. With the reasonable direct and indirect caring systems, and tangible as well as psychological support, OT CCN will be encouraged to devote them to OT care; the functional interdisciplinary OT team will also be established. Finally, the quality of OT care will then be ensured.

Keywords: critical care nurses, young and senior nurse, organ transplant caring dilemmas, needed help, coping strategies, explorative qualitative study
致謝……………………………………………………………i
中文摘要………………………………………………………iii
英文摘要………………………………………………………vi
目錄……………………………………………………………x
圖目錄…………………………………………………………xiii
表目錄…………………………………………………………xiv
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機及重要性…………………………………1
第二節 研究問題……………………………………………9
第三節 研究目的……………………………………………10
第四節 名詞界定……………………………………………11
第二章 文獻查證……………………………………………12
第一節 器官移植概述………………………………………12
第二節 器官移植者及其家屬所面臨的困難………………16
第三節 加護病房護理人員照顧患者所面臨的困境………22
第四節 加護病房護理人員照顧者患者的所需協助………25
第三章 研究方法……………………………………………33
第一節 研究設計……………………………………………33
第二節 研究對象……………………………………………37
第三節 研究工具……………………………………………38
第四節 資料的收集過程……………………………………41
第五節 資料分析方法………………………………………44
第六節 研究嚴謹度…………………………………………46
第七節 研究倫理考量………………………………………48
第四章 分析與結果…………………………………………50
第一節 受訪者基本資料……………………………………51
第二節 從事器官移植護理之動機…………………………54
第三節 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所面臨的困境…66
第四節 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所需協助……106
第五節 發展可行的對應策略………………………………146
第六節 器官移植護理人員對未來發展的期望……………172
第五章 討論…………………………………………………188
第一節 研究概念架構………………………………………188
第二節 從事器官移植護理動機之再探……………………192
第三節 加護病房護理人員所面臨困境之探討……………194
第四節 加護病房護理人員所需協助之探討………………205
第五節 發展可行的對應策略之探討………………………210
第六節 資淺及資深護理人員照護器官移植者之比較……216
第七節 器官移植護理人員對未來發展的期望之探討……226
第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………230
第一節 研究結論……………………………………………230
第二節 研究限制……………………………………………235
第三節 研究建議……………………………………………237
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………242
中文部份 ………………………………………………………242
英文部份 ………………………………………………………251



研究附錄………………………………………………………264
附錄一 器官移植等待人數統計……………………………264
附錄二 器官捐贈數統計……………………………………265
附錄三 境外接受腎臟及肝臟移植現況……………………266
附錄四 受訪者基本資料……………………………………267
附錄五 訪談指引……………………………………………270
附錄六 研究進度甘特圖……………………………………271
附錄七 研究同意書…………………………………………272

圖目錄
圖一 研究流程圖 ………………………………………………43
圖二 影響加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所面臨的困境、
所需協助及所發展的策略概念圖 ………………………191
圖三 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者的照護動機及對未來
發展的期望之概念架構圖 ………………………………229

表目錄
表一 器官捐贈及器官移植現況 …………………………………7
表二 1997~2005年全民健保器官存活率統計……………………8
表三 受訪者基本資料一覽表……………………………………52
表四 受訪者基本資料總數表……………………………………53
表五 從事臨床器官移植護理之動機意義單元一覽表…………65
表六 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所面臨困境意義
單元一覽表…………………………………………………103
表七 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所需協助意義單元
一覽表………………………………………………………143
表八 發展可行的對應策略意義單元一覽表……………………170
表九 器官移植護理人員對未來發展的期望意義單元一覽表…187
表十 加護病房護理人員照護器官移植者所面臨困境、所需
協助及對應策略之比較表…………………………………225
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1. 王秀珍(1999)•加護病房病人家屬需求及其護理•護理雜誌,46(2),67─71。
2. 王秀珍(1999)•加護病房病人家屬需求及其護理•護理雜誌,46(2),67─71。
3. 尹裕君、陳都美、魏屏華、許凰珠、馮延芬(1993)•護理人員培訓輪調計畫實施成效之探討•榮總護理,10(1),70-79。
4. 尹裕君、陳都美、魏屏華、許凰珠、馮延芬(1993)•護理人員培訓輪調計畫實施成效之探討•榮總護理,10(1),70-79。
5. 尹祚芊、楊克平、劉麗芳(2001)•台灣地區醫院護理人員留任措施計畫成效之評值•護理研究,9(3),247-258。
6. 尹祚芊、楊克平、劉麗芳(2001)•台灣地區醫院護理人員留任措施計畫成效之評值•護理研究,9(3),247-258。
7. 白玉珠、徐南麗、汪蘋(1999)•某醫學中心護理人員自評之護理能力及個人特質相關性研究•護理研究,7(3),209-220
8. 白玉珠、徐南麗、汪蘋(1999)•某醫學中心護理人員自評之護理能力及個人特質相關性研究•護理研究,7(3),209-220
9. 石崇良(2008)•醫療團隊合作與病人安全•澄清醫護管理雜誌,4(1),4-9。
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