臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本試驗旨在探討不同孵化溫度對紅羽土雞及黑羽土雞性別分化之影響及轉性雞隻的生長、屠體及性徵表現，以評估其應用於改善種蛋孵化場之出雛性別比例。本試驗利用調控紅羽土雞種蛋及黑羽土雞種蛋孵化溫度及時間來觀察性別分化之轉性現象，並將雛雞飼養至屠宰後觀察正常性別與轉性雞隻的屠體性能及性徵表現。紅羽土雞孵化之全期以高溫(100℉)孵化，發現有20%之轉雄性雞隻，但孵化率低(50%)。改以孵化早期(0至7日)利用高溫(100℉)孵化，雖提升了孵化率（71.4%），但轉雄性率較低（7.7%）。在孵化早期提高溫度至三種不同高溫（103、102、100℉）孵化，發現在此溫度範圍內，轉雄性率會隨著溫度升高而增加，孵化率會隨著溫度升高而減少，其中第0至7日以102℉孵化得到可接受之轉性率（73.3%）及孵化率（39.7%)。轉雄性雞隻在生長表現、屠宰表現及性徵表現與正常雄性無顯著差異。
在黑羽土雞孵化試驗中，發現轉雌性雞隻平均出現在不同孵化溫度。其轉雌性雞隻在生長表現及屠體表現均無顯著差異，但在性徵表現較接近原始性別，顯示有逆轉性別之可能。
整體而言，紅羽土雞早期以100℉孵化確實可以增加雄性孵化比率，黑羽土雞無法用溫度調控孵化性別比率，而轉性雞隻之生產性能達到消費者可接受之程度。

The purpose of this study was to manipulate the secondary sex ratio by regulating the incubation temperature and to observe the sex ratio, growth performance, slaughter performance and sex characteristic of red feather Native Taiwan Country Chicken (NTCC) and black feather NTCC. To observe the sex reverse of red feather NTCC and black feather NTCC, fertilized eggs were incubated at various temperatures and time frames of incubation. For growth trial, day one chicks were raised until day of slaughter to observe the growth performance, slaughter performance and sex characteristic of sex reversal chicks and normal sex chicks. The red feather NTCC fertilized eggs hatched at 100℉ at all time found some sex reversal males, but the hatchability was low (50%). Hatching at 100℉ during early hatching stage (0-7 days) improved the hatchability (71.4%), but the sex reversal male ratio was decreased (7.7%). Hatching at even higher temperatures (103℉, 102℉ and 100℉) during early hatching stage decreased the hatchability (39.7%) as the temperature increase , but increased the sex reversal rate (73.3%). The sex reversal male had no significant differences on growth performance, slaughter performance and sex characteristic from the normal male chickens. In black feather NTCC hatching experiment, the reversed sexes occurred randomly at any hating temperatures. The reversed sex chickens had no significant differences on growth performance and slaughter performance from the normal sex chickens, but the sex characteristic was found to be similar with the normal sex chickens indicating a possibility of reversing back to the original sex. In summary, the red feather NTCC can be manipulated by hatching at 100 ℉ during early hatching stage to increase the male ratio, but not the black feather NTCC. The morphological characteristics and the growth performance of the sex reversal male chickens are considered acceptable to the consumer.

中文摘要 II
英文摘要 IV
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 XI

第一章 緒言 1
第二章 文獻回顧
2.1 台灣土雞
2.1.1 台灣家禽產業現況 3
2.1.2 台灣紅羽土雞與黑羽土雞 4
2.2雞的發育
2.2.1 蛋的構造 5
2.2.2 雞的胚胎發育 8
2.2.3雞生殖器官之發育 8
2.4 性別分化
2.4.1 性別決定系統 11
2.4.2 雞的性別決定系統 13
2.4.3 雞的染色體 14
2.4.4 Dmrt1 14
2.4.5 改善或操縱性別比率 15
2.5 性別鑑定 16
2.6 性荷爾蒙 19
2.7 孵化率 19
第三章 材料與方法
3.1 孵化試驗23
3.2 生長試驗25
3.3 性別鑑定
3.3.1 基因型性別鑑定 27
3.3.2 表現型基因鑑定 29
3.4 性荷爾蒙測定 32
3.5 屠體性能評估 32
3.6 雞冠面積測定 33
3.7 資料分析 33
第四章 結果與討論
4.1 預備試驗 35
4.2 紅羽土雞孵化試驗
4.2.1全期調控溫度之影響 36
4.2.2 孵化早期調控溫度之影響 40
4.2.3 高溫孵化之影響54
4.3 黑羽土雞孵化試驗
4.3.1 孵化早期調控溫度之影響 60
第五章 結論與展望 74
六章 參考文獻 75

表目錄
表3.1 肉雞飼料成分表 26
表3.2 引用Fridolfsson and Ellegren (1999)之Primer 28
表4.1 黑羽土雞全期高溫孵化的表現 35
表4.2 黑羽土雞種蛋全期高溫孵化的性別分化結果 36
表4.3紅羽土雞種蛋全期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的受精蛋數量、孵出數及孵化率 38
表4.4 紅羽土雞種蛋全期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的性別分化結果 39
表4.5紅羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的受精蛋數量、孵出數及孵化率 46
表4.6 紅羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的性別分化結果 47
表4.7 紅羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的育成率及上市體重 49
表4.8 正常性別與轉性性別雞隻的上市體重 49
表4.9 正常性別與轉性性別的屠宰分切結果 50
表4.10 紅羽土雞種蛋孵化早期以高溫孵化的受精蛋數量、孵出數及孵化率 57
表4.11 紅羽土雞種蛋早期以高溫孵化的性別分化結果 58
表4.12黑羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的受精蛋數量、孵出數及孵化率 67
表4.13 黑羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的性別分化結果 68
表4.14 黑羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的育成率及上市體重 69
表4.15正常性別與轉性性別的上市體重 69
表4.16 正常性別與轉性性別的屠宰分切結果 70

圖目錄
圖2.1 蛋的縱剖面之構造 5
圖2.2 蛋殼結構示意圖 7
圖2.3 始基生殖細胞在胚胎發育時的遷徙示意圖 9
圖2.4 雄性與雌性性腺結構示意圖 10
圖2.5 雄性與雌性性腺大小示意圖 11
圖2.6 由洩殖腔觀察雄性與雌性之差異 18
圖2.7雄性及雌性PCR產物之預測結果 18
圖3.1 孵化試驗設計圖 23
圖3.2 PCR反應步驟及條件 27
圖3.3 PCR產物之電泳結果 28
圖3.4 雛雞正常雄性生殖腺示意圖 29
圖3.5 雛雞正常雌性的生殖腺示意圖 30
圖3.6 血漿純化萃取步驟 31
圖3.7 EIA kit雄性素(左)及雌性素(右)之分析步驟 32
圖3.8 分切部位圖示 32
圖3.9 雞冠拍攝及軟體分析圖示 33
圖3.10 實驗流程示意圖 34
圖4.1紅羽土雞種蛋全期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的出殼時間 39
圖4.2紅羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的出殼時間 47
圖4.3 不同溫度孵化之紅羽土雞生長曲線圖 48
圖4.4 紅羽土雞雞隻血液中雄性素濃度曲線圖 51
圖4.5 紅羽土雞雞隻血液中雌性素濃度曲線圖 52
圖4.6 紅羽土雞雞隻雞冠面積生長曲線圖 53
圖4.7 雛雞雌性轉雄性生殖腺示意圖 59
圖4.8 黑羽土雞種蛋早期以低溫、正常溫度、高溫孵化的出殼時間 67
圖4.9不同孵化溫度下之黑羽土雞雞隻的生長曲線圖 68
圖4.10 黑羽土雞雞隻血液中雄性素濃度曲線圖 71
圖4.11 黑羽土雞雞隻血液中雌性素濃度曲線圖 72
圖4.12 黑羽土雞雞隻雞冠面積生長曲線圖 73

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