臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
水和能源是緊密相關，然而傳統上這二種資源分開管理。能源使用在供水、水的終端使用，及水的回收再利用，研究顯示水的終端使用消耗最多的能源。
本研究的目的為檢視在用戶端水與能源使用量的關係。首先探討在水生命週期階段能源的消耗，以助瞭解供水、水的終端使用、廢水處理，及水回收利用等各階段耗能因素。最後分析公寓，學校及工廠案例，以具體說明水及能源在用戶端使用的關聯性。
研究結果顯示水與能源相關性以工廠最高，其次為學校及公寓，工廠的水資源使用與能源的消耗為正相關。再者，三種水的用戶端的能源消耗量有不同的造成因素，在工廠，使用水的距離、水處理的程度、以及抽水效率為能源消耗最主要的因素；然而對於公寓及學校，設備的年齡、熱水器及幫浦系統的效率為影響能源消耗的因素。在用戶的水管理上，應根據能源消耗因素來考量水資源的分配。

Energy and water are closely related to each other, yet management of the two resources has historically been independent. Energy is consumed in water supply, end use and water recycling. Previous studies found that end use consumed largest energy in the water-energy life cycle.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between water and energy consumption at the end-use stage. It first reviewed energy consumption at each stage in the water life cycle that helps to determine factors which increase energy consumption at water supply, wastewater, end use and water recycling. Three cases of an apartment, school and manufacturing plant were employed to analyze the correlation between water and energy consumption at end-use.
The analysis results reveal that water consumption’s correlation to energy consumption increases from apartment, school to manufacturing plant. Water usage is positively related to energy consumption in the manufacturing plant. Furthermore, various end users have different factors affecting energy consumption. Factors that affect energy consumption in a manufacturing plant include distance of end users, level of treatment and pump efficiency. Meanwhile, appliance age, efficiency of water heater and pump system are factors that affect energy consumption in the apartment and school. Management can plan on water distribution based on the factors affecting energy consumption at the end use.

Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of contents iv
List of tables vii
List of Figures ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation 2
1.2 Research Objectives 3
1.3 Research Method and Process 3
1.4 Research Scope and Limitation 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Water Usage and Water-Energy Relationship 6
2.1.1 Water usage 6
2.1.2 Water-Energy Relationship 7
2.2 Water-Energy Life Cycle 8
2.2.1 Energy consumption for water extraction 10
2.2.2 Energy consumption for water treatment and distribution 11
2.3 Energy Consumption at Water End Use 14
2.3.1 Water energy use in residential sector 14
2.3.2 Water energy use in industrial sector 16
2.4 Energy Consumption for Wastewater Treatment 17
2.4.1 Wastewater treatment and energy consumption 17
2.4.2 Energy consumption of wastewater reuse 18
Chapter 3 Energy Consumption for Water Supply and Wastewater by the Governments 19
3.1 Energy Consumption for Water Supply 19
3.1.1 Energy consumption for extraction and conveyance 20
3.1.2 Energy consumption for treatment and distribution 21
3.2 Energy Consumption for Wastewater 24
3.3 Factors Affecting Energy 27
3.3.1 Factors affecting energy consumption 27
3.3.2 Energy reduction 29
Chapter 4 Energy Consumption at End Use and Recycling Water 31
4.1 Energy Consumption at End Use 31
4.1.1 Energy demand for residential water use 31
4.1.2 Energy consumption of industrial water use 33
4.2 Energy Used for Recycling Water 34
4.2.1 Reuse of wastewater 35
4.2.2 Energy consumption of recycle water treatment and distribution 36
4.2.3 Factors of Energy Consumption and Reduction 37
Chapter 5 Case studies 40
5.1 Apartment and Water Energy Consumption Relationship 40
5.2 School 42
5.2.1 Water used at school 42
5.2.2 Relationship between water and energy consumption in school 44
5.3 Manufacturing Plant 51
5.3.1 Water use of manufacturing plant 51
5.3.2 Relationship between water and energy consumed in manufacturing plant 52
5.4 Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Each Case 56
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 60
6.1 Conclusions 60
6.2 Recommendations 62
References 63
Appendix A 67
Appendix B 70

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