臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蓮霧是台灣重要的一種經濟果樹，‘粉紅’是目前台灣最主要的蓮霧栽培品種。目前 ‘粉紅’可以周年生產，而且果實也很好，但是果色有時候卻無法達到預期的深紅色，尤其是在高溫期。‘Thub Thim Chan’是從泰國引進的紅色品種，它的果實品質雖然比‘粉紅’蓮霧稍差，但是果皮上的著色即使在夏季高溫也經常保持深紅色。本研究探討影響‘Thub Thim Chan’果實生育與花青素生合成的因子(溫度、糖濃度與光照強度)。試驗結果顯示，在300 μmole m-2 s-1光照下果皮花青素濃度是無光照的3倍。20 ℃處理的果皮著色比25℃與30℃處理者佳，蔗糖濃度以9 %最佳。觀察在20℃與25℃下不同培養天數對‘Thub Thim Chan’果片生育的影響，結果顯示20℃處理以第14天的重量、直徑和花青素濃度的數值最高。25℃處理則以第12天的重量、直徑、糖濃度和花青素濃度的數值最高。為了解變溫對‘Thub Thim Chan’和‘粉紅’蓮霧果片生育的影響，先以20℃培養3、6、9和12天，再以30℃培養11、8、5和2天。試驗結果顯示‘Thub Thim Chan’蓮霧果片的重量和糖度以20℃ 3d →30℃ 11d, 20℃ 6d→30℃ 8d與20℃ 9d→30℃ 5d三種處理較佳。20℃ 12d →30℃ 2d 對轉色效果佳。變溫培養對‘粉紅’蓮霧果片重量和直徑沒有影響，糖濃度以20℃ 6d → 30℃ 8d和20℃ 9d → 30℃ 5d較佳。花青素濃度以20℃ 9d → 30℃ 5d和20℃ 12d → 30℃ 2d轉色效果佳。本研究也在田間以模擬高溫(30℃、35℃和40℃)來探討高溫對‘Thub Thim Chan’蓮霧果實生育特性的影響，試驗結果顯示在處理10天、20天或26天後，以40℃處理的果實重量最輕、直徑最短，花青素濃度也最低。

Wax apple is an important economic fruit crop and‘Pink’ is the leading cultivar in Taiwan. Although the fruit of ‘Pink’ can be quite large, flesh thick, sweet and juicy, fruit skins are sometimes not able to reach the expected crimson color, especially in the late spring to late summer high temperature period.‘Thub Thim Chan’ is a red colored cultivar imported from Thailand. Although the quality of its fruit is inferior to that of the ‘Pink’, its skin color remains crimson even in summer. The present study investigated the effects of temperature, sugar concentration and light intensity on the fruit growth and anthocyanin biosynthesis of‘Thub Thim Chan’. The results show that anthocyanin concentration is three times greater under 300 μmole m-2 s-1 light intensity than that of the dark. Fruit skin color is the best at 20℃ than 25℃ and 30℃. Sucrose at 9% gives the best fruit skin color. To realize the effects of culture length, f ruit skin discs were cultured at 20℃or 25℃for from 2 to 14 days. The results showed that either weight, diameter or the anthocyanin concentration was at their peak on the 14th day under 20℃. While 25℃ treatment reaches the highest weight, diameter, sugar concentration and anthocyanin concentration on the 12th day.To understand the effects of temperature shift on fruit growth of ‘Thub Thim Chan’ and ‘Pink’, fruit discs were first cultured at 20℃ for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, and then 11, 8, 5 and 2 days at 30℃. The results showed that weight and sugar content of ‘Thub Thim Chan’ wax apple fruit discs were bether for the 20℃ 3d → 30℃ 11d, 20℃ 6d → 30℃ 8d and 20℃ 9d → 30℃ 5d treatments. 20℃ 12d → 30℃ 2d gives better fruit skin coloring. Although temperature shifting did not affect the weight and diameterof ‘Pink’ wax apple fruit discs, sugar concentrations was greater for the 20℃ 6d → 30℃ 8d and 20℃ 9d → 30℃ 5d Treatments. Anthocyanin concentrations were higher for the 20℃ 9d → 30℃ 5d and 20℃ 12d → 30℃ 2d treatments.The effects of high temperatures on the quality of ‘Thub Thim Chan’ wax apple fruits was studied using simulated high temperatures (30℃, 35℃ and 40℃) in the field. The results showed that 40℃ treated either 10 days, 20 days or 26 days resulted in the lightest fruit weigt, shortest diameter, the lowest concentration of anthocyanins.

致謝 II
摘要 III
Abstract V
目錄 VII
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 X
壹、前言 1
貳、前人研究 3
参、材料與方法 9
一、溫度、糖濃度、光照強度對‘Thub Thim Chan’蓮霧果片離體培養生長與特性與的影響 9
二、田間模擬高溫對蓮霧果實生長與特性的影響 11
肆、結果 15
一、不同處理對‘Thub Thim Chan’蓮霧果實與果片生育的影響 15
二、間模擬高溫對蓮霧果實生育特性的影響 31
伍、討論 36
陸、參考文獻 44
附錄一 53
附錄二 56

王德男。1991。台灣蓮霧栽培之過去與前瞻。台灣果樹之生產及研究發展研討會專刊，pp. 339-355。
李芝佩。2011。套袋對蓮霧果實著色與品質之影響。國立台灣大學園藝學系碩士論文。台北。
林正忠、袁秋英、梁文進、莊益源、陳昱初、溫宏治、蔣墓琰、蔡叔芬、賴榮茂。2004。蓮霧保護。植物保護圖鑑。
邱輝龍、范明仁。1998。花青素與花色之表現。中國園藝 44: 102-115。
許仁宏、廖秀真、林慧玲、李國權。1998。蓮霧果實生育期間果實外部形態與內部有機成分的變化。中國園藝 44: 491-501。
黃基倬。2009。泰國紅寶石（Thub Thim Chan）蓮霧介紹. 園藝之友135:24-28.
楊致福。1951。台灣果樹誌，pp. 282。
廖秀真、許仁宏、林慧玲、李國權。1998。糖對蓮霧果皮花青素生合成的影響. 中華農學會報 185:72-79。
廖秀真。1994。蓮霧果皮發育期間之生理變化及果皮離體培養。國立中興大學園藝學系碩士論文。
潘曉華。2002。溫度對蓮霧果實特徵與生理的影響。屏東科技大學熱農研究所碩士論文pp. 71-81。
顏昌瑞、林宗賢。1991。果實生長發育與果實品質之改進。台灣果樹之生產及研究發展研討會專刊pp. 55-60。
Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1-15.
Bae, R. N. and S. K. Lee. 1995. Effects of some treatments on the anthocyanin synthesis and quality during maturation of Fuji apple. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 655-661.
Bergqvist, J., N. Dokoozlian, and N. Ebisuda. 2001. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the central San Joaquin Valley of California. American J. Enol. Vitic. 52:1-7.
Blankenship, S. M. 1987. Night-temperature effects on rate of apple fruit maturation and fruit quality. Scientia Hortic. 33:205-212.
Bray, E. A. 1991. Wild-type levels of abscisic acid are not required for heat shock protein accumulation in tomato. Plant Physiol. 97:817-820.
Chalker, S. 1989. Spectrophotometric measurement of leached phenolic compounds as an indicator of freeze damage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114:315-319.
Chalmers, D. J. and J. D. Faragher. 1977. Regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. II. Involvement of ethylene. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 4:123-131.
Chung, P. S., S. J. Chung and H. S. Park. 1989. The effects of light, temperature and plant growth regulators on anthocyanin development in the fruit skin of apple cultivar Jonagold. I. Effects of light and temperature anthocyanin development. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 7:92-93.
Clifford, M. N. 2000. Review anthocyanins-nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80:1063-1072.
Coombe, B. G. 1976. The development of fresh fruit. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27:207-228.
Creasy, L. L. 1968. The role of low temperature in anthocyanin synthesis in ''McIntosh'' apple. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 93:716-724.
Deal, D. L. and J. C. Raulston. 1989. Plant high night temperature tolerance zones: Describing and predicting summer night temperature patterns and the southern limits of plant adaptation. Agri. For. Meteor. 46:211-226.
Denny, E. G., D. C. Coston and R. E. Ballard. 1986. Peach skin discoloration. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:549-553.
Downs, R. J., H. W. Siegelman, W. L. Butler and S. B. Siegelman. 1965. Photoreceptive pigments for anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. Nature 205:909-910.
Fan, X.T. and J.P. Mattheis. 1998. Bagging ''Fuji'' apples during fruit development affects color development and storage quality. HortScience 33:1235-1238.
Faragher, J. D. 1983. Temperature regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin. J. Exp. Bot. 34:1291-1298.
Faragher, J. D. and R. L. Brohier. 1984. Anthocyanin accumulation in apples skin during ripening: regulation by ethylene and phenylalanine-lyase. Scientia Hortic. 22:89-96.
Faust, M. 1965. Physiology of anthocyanin development in McIntosh apple. II Relationship between protein synthesis and anthocyanin development. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 87:10-20.
Hausladen, A. and R. G. Alscher. 1993. Glutathione, in: Antioxidant in Higher Plants. (R. G. Alscher and J. L. Hess, eds.). CRC press, Boca Raton. FL. pp.1-30.
Hayashi, K., N. Ohara and A. Tsukui. 1996. Stability of anthocyanins in various vegetables and fruits. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 2:30-33.
Hong, Y. C., P. E. Read, S. K. Harlander and T. P. Labuza. 1989. Development of a tissue culture system from immature strawberry fruits. J. Food Sci. 54:388-392.
Huang, C.H., B. Yu, Y.W. Teng, J. Su, Q. Shu, Z.Q. Cheng, and L.Q. Zeng. 2009. Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology, and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation. Scientia Hortic. 121:149-158.
Jia, H.-J., J., A. Aritomo, and O. Goro. 2005. Influence of fruit bagging on aroma volatiles and skin coloration of ‘Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch). Postharvest Biol. and Technol. 35:61-68.
Kawanobu, S., M. Yamaguchi, K. Zushi, K. Kondo, and N. Matsuzoe. 2011a. Identification and distribution of anthocyanins in strawberry cultivars. J. Food Agric. Environ. 9:140-141.
Kubo, Y., S. Taira, S. Ishio, A. Sugiura and T. Tomana. 1988. Color development of 4 apple cultivars growth in the southwest of Japan, with special reference to fruit bagging. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:191-199.
Lancaster, J. E., J. E. Grant and C. E. Lister. 1994. Skin color in apples influence of copigmentation and plastid pigments on shade and darkness of red color in five genotypes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119:63-69.
Lee, J. C., T. Tomana, N. Utsunomiya and I. Kataoka. 1979. Physiological study on the anthocyanin development in grape. I Effect of fruit temperature on the anthocyanin development in Kyoho grape. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 20:55-56.
Leng, P., H. Itamura, H. Yamamura, and X.M. Deng. 2000. Anthocyanin accumulation in apple and peach shoots during cold acclimation. Scientia Hortic. 83:43-50.
Leonochenko, V. G. 1988. Relationship between anthocyanin accumulation and freezing resistance in apple shoots. (in Russin). Fruit Growing and Viticulture 2: 26-27.
Lewis, C. E., J. R. L. Walker and J. E. Lancaster. 1995. Effect of polysaccharides on the color of anthocyanins. Food Chem. 54:315-319.
Li, P.M. and L.L. Cheng. 2009. The elevated anthocyanin level in the shaded peel of ''Anjou'' pear enhances its tolerance to high temperature under high light. Plant Sci. 177:418-426.
Lister, C. E., J. E. Lancaster and J. R. L. Walker. 1994. Developmental changes in the concentration and composition of flavonoids in skin of a red and a green apple cultivar. J. Sci. Food Agric. 64:155-161.
Lo Piero, A.R., I. Puglisi, P. Rapisarda, and G. Petrone. 2005. Anthocyanins accumulation and related gene expression in red orange fruit induced by low temperature storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:9083-9088.
Macheix, J. J., A. Fleuriet and J. Billot. (Eds.). 1990. Fruit Phenolics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp.149-237.
Matsuzoe, N., M. Yamaguchi, S. Kawanobu, Y. Watanabe, H. Higashi, and Y. Sakata. 1999. Effect of dark treatment of the eggplant on fruit skin color and its anthocyanin component. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 68:138-145.
Meyer, J. E., M. F. Pe´pin and M. A. L. Smith. 2002. Anthocyanin production from Vaccinium pahalae: limitations of the physical microenvironment. J. Biotech. 93: 45-57.
Mori, K., S. Sugaya, and H. Gemma. 2005. Decreased anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries grown under elevated night temperature condition. Scientia Hortic. 105:319-330.
Mori, T., M. Sakurai, J. L. Shigeta, K. Yoshida and T. Kondo. 1993. Formation of anthocyanins from cells cultured from different parts strawberry plants. J. Food Sci. 58:788-792.
Nakamura, M., Y. Takeuchi, K. Miyanaga, M. Seki, and S. Furusaki. 1999. High anthocyanin accumulation in the dark by strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) callus. Biotechnol. Lett. 21:695-699.
Panchuk, I. I., R. A. Volkov and F. Schöffl. 2002. Heat stress- and heat shock transcription factor-dependent expression and activity of ascorbate peroxidase in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 129: 838-853.
Parkin, K. L. 1987. A new technique for the long-term study of the physiology of plant fruit tissue slices. Plant Physiol. 69:472-476.
Paull, R. E., N. J. Chen, J. Deputy, H. Huang, G. Cheng and F. Gao. 1984. Litchi growth and compositional changes during fruit development. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109:817-821.
Proctor, J. T. A. 1974. Color stimulation in attached apples with supplementary light. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54:499-503.
Rabino, I. and A. L. Mancinelli. 1986. Light, temperature, and anthocyanin production. Plant Physiol. 81:922-924.
Rabinowitch, H. D. and D. Sklan. 1980. Superoxide dismutase: A possible protective agent against sunscald in tomatoes. Planta 148:162-167.
Ratanamarno, S., J. Uthaibutra, and a.K. Saengnil. 2004. Effects of bagging and storage temperature on anthocyanin content and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit pericarp during maturation. Songklanakarin J. Sci. &; Tech. 27(4):711-717.
Saure, M. C. 1990. External control of anthocyanin formation in apple. Scientia Hortic. 42:181-218.
Shü, Z. H. 1999. Total soluble solids, protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and total phenol as related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in cultured wax apple fruit skin. J. Agric. Assoc. China, New Series 185:102-110.
Shü, Z. H., C. C. Chu, L. J. Hwang and C. S. Shieh. 2001. Light, temperature, and sucrose affect color, diameter, and soluble solids of disks of wax apple fruit skin. HortScience 36:279-281.
Shü, Z. H., D. N. Wang and T. E. Sheen. 1996. Wax apple ass potential economic crop for the world, pp. 69-73. In: S. Vijaysegaran; M. Pauziah, M. S., and S. Ahmad Tarmizi (eds.) Proc. Intl. Conf. Trop. Fruits. Vol. I Malaysia Agr. Res. Dev. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sibley, J. L., J. M. Ruter and D. J. Eakes. 1999. Bark anthocyanin levels differ with location in cultivars of red maple. HortScience 34: 137-139.
Takos, A.M., S.P. Robinson, and A.R. Walker. 2006. Transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid pathway in the skin of dark-grown ‘Cripps Red’ apples in response to sunlight. J. Hort. Sci. &; Biotech. 81:735-744.
Tan, S. C. 1979. Relationships and interactions between phenylalnine ammonia-lyase, phenylalnine ammonia-lyase inactivating system, and aqnthocyanin in apples. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104:581-586.
Ubi, B.E., C. Honda, H. Bessho, S. Kondo, M. Wada, S. Kobayashi, and T. Moriguchi. 2006. Expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in apple skin: Effect of UV-B and temperature. Plant Sci. 170:571-578.
Vestrheim, S. 1970. Effects of chemical compounds on anthocyanin formation in ''McIntosh'' apple skin. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95: 712- 715.
Zhang, W., M. Seki and S. Furusaki. 1997. Effect of temperature and its shift on growth and anthocyanin production in suspension cultures of strawberry cells. Plant Sci. 127:207-214.
Zhong, J. and T. Yoshida. 1993. Effects of temperature on cell growth and anthocyanin production in suspension cultures of Perilla frutescens. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 76:530-531.