本論文提出一種具高偵測靈敏度之相位及自注鎖定雷達架構，可應用於遠距生理活動偵測。此架構將受外界都普勒調變後之雷達回波信號直接注入一鎖相振盪器中，產生自我注入鎖定迴路，並利用擷取鎖相迴路中的控制電壓值得到所需的基頻都普勒信號，因此不需要額外的信號解調電路。雜訊理論分析證明此架構同時具有鎖相振盪器之低雜訊特點與自我注入振盪器之高信號雜訊增益優勢，故在極低基頻頻段具有高信號雜訊增益，可對抗低頻生理信號所在頻寬的強大振盪器相位雜訊，因此本論文提出的相位及自注鎖定雷達架構可用較低之輻射功率完成遠距偵測。
此外，本論文亦著重於解決傳統直接降頻式都普勒雷達接收機架構具有的直流位準偏移與感測零點兩大問題，以達到可靠的偵測結果。首先，由於雷達電路元件本身的非理想性與偵測範圍靜止物體反射造成的直流位準偏移，在本論文提出的架構中可使用簡單的雙端電壓控制射頻振盪器加以消除，不需使用複雜的射頻或基頻處理電路。文中利用傳統注入鎖定方程進行分析，證明此直流位準偏移消除法不致大幅影響系統感測靈敏度。再者，本雷達採用多重路徑切換傳輸架構，藉由獲得兩組相互正交之自我注入鎖定迴路信號資訊，可消除都普勒雷達感測零點並同時降低平均微波輻射功率。
已完成設計並製作數種實驗原型電路以驗證理論推導之正確性，實驗結果確認僅需−22dBm(6微瓦)平均微波輻射功率即可成功偵測遠達4米外的生理信號資訊。

The phase- and self-injection-locked radar is presented in this dissertation for robust detection of physiological motions with high sensitivity. The innovative method injects the Doppler phase-modulated echo signal back into a phase-locked oscillator and obtains the baseband signal by directly sampling the voltage-controlled oscillator tuning voltage controlled by the phase-locked loop without any demodulation circuits. Phase noise analysis indicates that the proposed radar has the advantages of both the phase-locked oscillators and self-injection-locked oscillators to achieve superior signal-to-noise ratio gain against the low-frequency phase noise in the bandwidth containing the physiological motion information. Consequently, the proposed radar can serve for long-range detections with less transmitted power.
In addition, this dissertation addresses the dc offset and the null point problems, which are two major challenging issues for conventional Doppler radar designs, in regard to reliable detection. The dc offset caused by clutter reflections and circuit imperfections is eliminated simply using a dual-tuning voltage-controlled oscillator without sophisticated clutter cancellation techniques. Analysis based on the classic injection locking equation shows that the dc offset can be removed without sensitivity degradation. Path-diversity transmission that switches between orthogonal self-injection-locked loops is employed to eliminate null points and reduce average transmitted power.
Several prototype circuits are designed to justify the theory and design equations. Experiments confirm successful detection of physiological motions from a distance of 4 meters with −22 dBm average transmitted power.

口試委員會審定書#
誌謝 i
摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iii
CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation 1
1.2 Literature Survey 2
1.3 Contributions 10
1.4 Chapter Outlines 11
1.5 Abbreviations 13
Chapter 2 Operation Principles of the PSIL Radar 16
2.1 Review of Background Theory and Techniques 16
2.1.1 Injection Locking Theory of Microwave Oscillators 16
2.1.2 Radar Detection using Self-Injection-Locked Oscillators [74] 23
2.2 System Architecture of the PSIL Radar 26
2.3 Steady-State Analysis 28
2.4 Noise Analysis 31
2.4.1 Fundamental Analysis of Phase-Locked Loop 32
2.4.2 Phase Noise Analysis of the PSIL Radar 35
2.5 Path-Diversity Transmission 39
Chapter 3 Efficient Elimination of Clutter-Induced DC Offset 50
3.1 DC Offset in Direct-Conversion Radar Receivers 50
3.2 Analysis of PSIL Radar Detection Sensitivity under Clutter Injection 52
3.3 Efficient DC Offset Elimination Method 55
Chapter 4 PSIL Radar Prototype Circuits Design 62
4.1 Dual-Tuning Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 62
4.1.1 Hybrid Dual-Tuning VCO 62
4.1.2 CMOS Dual-Tuning LC VCOs with Injection Circuits 63
4.2 Phase-Locked Loop Design 65
4.3 PSIL Radar Prototype Circuits 66
4.3.1 Dual-Antenna PSIL Radar 66
4.3.2 Single-Antenna PSIL Radar 68
Chapter 5 Experimental Results 76
5.1 Verification of the PSIL Radar Operation 77
5.2 Detection Sensitivity under Clutter Injection 78
5.3 Elimination of Clutter-Induced DC Offset 80
5.4 Operation of Path-Diversity Transmission 80
5.5 Physiological Motion Detection Results 81
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Works 99
6.1 Conclusion 99
6.2 Suggestion for Future Works 100
REFERENCE 101
Publication List of Ping-Hsun Wu 121

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