臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣陡峻的地形、破碎的地質與豐富的雨量造就了長度短、流水急的河流型態。但由於人口增加所造成的土地利用飽和，使河流的上下游皆承受著相當程度的開發壓力：上游興建水庫、水壩，下游都市地區的河流飽受污水排放、廢棄物亂倒等污染。大量人工化的設施，如攔砂壩、堤防、濱河道路的興建，造成河流景觀資源的嚴重破壞。
雙溪為台灣北部第四大河流，不論在地形、生態等景觀資源與開發程度上，較之全省其它河川，仍屬高度自然、低度開發使用的河流。不過，本區目前面臨不顧河川景觀、生態的河岸整治；未來又有雙溪水庫的興建計畫；核四的興建也會影響福隆海域與雙溪河的水上休閒活動。此外，台電也預定在中下游地區抽取部份的生水作為核四廠用水等。各種不當的工程以及水資源的開發，都將使雙溪流域面臨高度破壞的命運。
英格蘭河川管理局（National Rivers Authority, NRA）1993年所出版的《河流景觀評估手冊─方法與程序》主要是因應河川地的快速開發而作。這套系統是由英格蘭政府發展出來的政府作業手冊，不管是策略性，或是高精度評估都有原則性的指導方針，可提供評估者一套標準的作業程序，兼具權威性、實用性與作業上的簡易性。
回顧有關河流景觀的文獻發現，使河流成為一個特殊的景觀單元，大多以地形的性質為分類的依據；對於河流景觀的評估來說，雖然有具參考的價值，但缺少景觀評估中所強調的空間意象，包括視覺、聽覺等等的理論基礎。由於視覺是人類觀察、認知、感受景觀的主要器官，所以劃分景觀單元時，也應加入視覺空間的認知或感受。這包括視域、視距等概念。
另一方面，河流景觀集合了地表許多重要景觀要素。這些元素可分為實質景觀資源，包括地形、地質、植被、水體、動物與土地覆蓋等等，與實質景觀資源所呈現出來的「美」的價值與品質，這種美質可以作為一種適意（amenity）性的景觀資源，不論是用在欣賞、遊憩時都非常重要。而這些實質資源以及美質所呈現出的效果也就成為專家們評估一個地方景觀「特質」的主要方式。
本研究以英格蘭河川管理局所提出的評估程序為雙溪河流景觀評估的基本架構，並嘗試將景觀空間的概念加入景觀特質區的劃分。最後利用構景與美質要素作為凸顯河流景觀特質與品質的主要依據。並嘗試作景觀品質上的分級，以提供未來經營管理的方式。
經由河流景觀評估後可發現：雙溪河流的類型有特定分佈的區位，原始/丘陵型河段位於最上游；村鎮/河口型河段是以福隆為主的觀光區，呈現狹長型發展；鄉野/丘陵型河段緊鄰原始/丘陵型，分佈區域最多、面積最廣；具自然特徵的鄉野、平原型主要在雙溪主要聚落之間；平原型與丘陵型河段主要是根據視野開闊的程度而定。另外，比較各區中不同類型景觀在特質與品質上的高低狀況，並對照台灣其他低海拔丘陵型的河流，發現雙溪景觀的自然度與完整性是絕對值得加以保存的。故當地在開發水資源與興建核四之際，實應考慮到對河流景觀的影響。

The precipitous, highly eroded terrain and bountiful rainfall in Taiwan contributed to a very special kind of river type: short and rapidly-flowing. However, owing to the pressure from high population density and shortage of land, the area both up and down the river has always to be further developed and used. There are some plans for building dams and reservoirs at the up river area or this distosed of. And the river mouth area has been seriously polluted due to the sewage and rubbish that were not properly treated. The introduction of man-made facilities like dikes, check dams and the high way alongside the river have resulted in the serious damage of the river landscapes.
Shuanghsi is the fourth biggest river in northern Taiwan. Compared with all the other rivers in Taiwan, it is not highly developed and thus has kept much more of its natural scenery. However, this area is being endangered more seriously than any time before. Some projects like dredging the riverbanks and building reservoirs are going to be done regardless of the cost of the damage to the river landscape and with some serious ecological consequences. The building of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant will have a tremendous impact on the Fu-Lung sea area and the water sport on the Shuanghsi River certainly will also be seriously affected. Taiwan Power Plant has a new project of pumping water in the middle and lower reaches of the Shuanghsi River to use in the water supply for that plant. All of these improper constructions and water resource management will bring about great disasters to the Shuanghsi River basin.
The book River Landscape Assessment -- Methods and Procedures published by National River Authority was written mainly to deal with all the problems caused by the rapid development of river areas. It is a handbook systematically compiled by the English government. It offers to assessors very practical guidance for strategic and detailed assessment with principles. And it also provides a standard work procedure that is authoritative, practical and easy to follow.
According to some researches and reports concerning river landscaping, in regarding the river as a special landscape unit, most specialists did the classification on the basis of landform characteristics. This kind of method has its own value but lacks space image including hearing and sight. Since sight is most vital for us when we observe, recognize and feel the landscape, we must have the feeling and recognition about visual space when classifying landscape units. And also the visual field and visual distance should be included.
On the other hand, river landscapes are a combination of many important landscape elements. They are substantial resources like landform, geology, vegetations, water bodies, creatures, land cover and so on. Among some other important elements are beauty, value, and quality presented by such substantial resources. This kind of aesthetics quality can be thought of as a landscape resource of amenity. So this is very important when we do landscaping for the purpose of recreation or appreciation. The kind of effect presented by substantial resources and aesthetics quality has become the criterion adopted by specialists when they do the assessment for the character of a local landscape.
The study is based on the book River Landscape Assessment -- Methods and Procedures published by N RA. I tried to put the ideas of landscape space into the classification of landscape character area. Landscape composition and aesthetic elements are regarded as two most important elements in attempt to give prominence to the river landscape character and quality. And also I tried to achieve the classification of landscape quality, which may become a future management feature.
After the assessment of river landscape, I have the following discoveries: Shuanghsi River has its particular interesting and different areas. The primitive/hill reach is at the source area. The village/ estuary reach is a long-shaped sight-seeing area, the center of which is Fu-Lung. Next to the primitive/ hill reach is rural/ hill reach, which is the biggest part of Shuanghsi River area. The plain reach, which has most natural characteristics, is located among the main villages and towns. The difference between the plain reach and the hill reach lies in the degree of its open viewshed. In comparison with some other rivers of similar low-altitude hill in Taiwan, I have found the Shuanghsi River landscape has its naturalness and intactness, which is absolutely worth conserving. When trying to get more water resource and build the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant, We should carefully consider the great impact that will have on the river landscape.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的________________________1
第二節 研究內容與流程________________________2
第三節 名詞釋義______________________________4
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 景觀研究之發展緣起與內容______________6
第二節 河流景觀評估__________________________11
第三節 景觀空間認知理論與方法________________19
第四節 景觀單元劃分的意義與方法______________30
第五節 景觀評估因子的選擇與運用______________37
第六節 河流景觀的分類系統____________________45
第三章研究區概述
第一節 研究區範圍__________________________50
第二節 雙溪的自然與人文狀況________________50
第四章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構______________________________60
第二節 河流景觀特質評估作業及方法操作步驟____63
第三節 雙溪河流景觀特質評估作業及方法________68
第五章 結果與討論
第一節 雙溪景觀分區與分類____________________90
第二節 雙溪景觀特質評估______________________94
第三節 雙溪景觀特質與整體經營策略____________103
第四節綜合說明與討論_______________________105
第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論__________________________________110
第二節 研究限制與建議________________________112
參考文獻……………………………………………………………114
附錄1-1∼1-13 雙溪各特質區景觀調查評估表_______________119
附錄2-1∼2-7 雙溪各集水區景觀特質調查與評估結果________133

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