臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

菜籽油為高潛力的生質柴油原料，本研究旨在探討使用正己烷、乙醇與水作為萃取溶劑，進行不同菜籽油萃取方法的效率分析與可行性評估。本研究建立多級逆向萃取的數學模式並以兩種溶劑與固體比（E/R=4，8）實驗驗證其正確性，結果顯示E/R=4效果較佳，萃取收率達90%且萃取液濃度可達8∼9%（w/w）；本研究另以數學模式模擬不同級數與E/R比下，乙醇逆向萃取菜籽油，其結果顯示E/R=20的九級逆向萃取，萃取液濃度為1.5∼1.6%（w/w），萃取收率可達87%，然而萃取液濃度過低成為以乙醇同時萃取與交酯反應系統最大的阻礙。酵素輔助水萃取（AEOE）的試驗，果膠分解酶(Pectinase)水解油菜籽與黃豆萃取收率分別為69%和65%；蛋白質分解酶(Proteinase)水解油菜籽與黃豆萃取收率分別為58%和70%。酵素輔助水萃取雖可減少能源的消耗，但是萃取收率低與油水分離困難使其成效不及有機溶劑萃取。

Rapeseed oil is one the major feed stocks for biodiesel with great potential. The feasibility and efficiency of various rapeseed oil extraction systems with hexane, ethanol and water as solvents were studied and compared. Mathematical model of multi-stage counter-current-flow extraction was build and verified in this research. Six-stage counter-current-flow extraction experiments were carried with two different solvent to raffinate ratio (E/R) i.e. E/R=4, 8. A better result was found with E/R=4, that gave 90% in oil recovery and 8~9% (w/w) oil concentration in extract. Counter-current-flow ethanol-rapeseed oil extraction with varies stages and E/R ratios were simulated. A nine-stage extraction with E/R=20 shown that the oil concentration in ethanol was 1.5~1.6% (w/w) and oil recovery was 87%. Although extraction-transesterification might be considered for the ethanol - rapeseed oil system, but the oil concentration in extract might obstruct the idea to be practical. In respect of Aqueous Enzymatic Oil Extraction (AEOE), pectinase and proteinase were used for rapeseed and soybean oil extraction. Oil recovery was 69% and 65% respectively as pectinase was used. Oil recovery was 58% and 70% respectively as proteinase was used. AEOE might be a process with less energy consumed, but inefficient in extraction yields and oil recovery from solution would be the main difficulty to be overcome.

目錄
誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 x
符號表 xi
第一章 前言 1
1.1 環境問題 1
1.2 能源問題 2
第二章 研究目的 3
第三章 文獻探討 4
3.1 生質能源 4
3.2 萃取的定義 5
3.3 固液萃取 6
3.4 油脂萃取的溶劑 10
3.4.1烷烴化合物溶劑 10
3.4.2鹵化物溶劑 10
3.4.3丙酮 11
3.4.4醇類 11
3.5 酵素輔助水萃取 12
第四章 研究方法 14
4.1 實驗材料與設備 14
4.2 基本性質測定 15
4.3 試驗方法 17
4.3.1正己烷萃取 17
4.3.1.1正己烷含油濃度測試 17
4.3.1.2六級批次逆向萃取 18
4.3.2乙醇萃取 21
4.3.2.1乙醇含油濃度測試 21
4.3.2.2六級批次並流萃取 21
4.3.3酵素輔助水萃取 24
4.3.3.1緩衝溶液配製與酵素稀釋 24
4.3.3.2水萃取實驗 24
4.4 多級逆向萃取模式建立 27
4.4.1單級萃取 27
4.4.2多級逆向萃取 28
第五章 結果與討論 33
5.1 油菜籽與黃豆的基本性質 33
5.2 正己烷萃取 35
5.2.1平衡濃度與分配係數 35
5.2.2質量傳遞擴散係數 39
5.2.3逆向萃取試驗 41
5.3 乙醇萃取 53
5.3.1六級批次並流萃取 53
5.3.2平衡濃度與分配係數 55
5.3.3質量傳遞擴散係數 55
5.3.4逆向萃取模擬試驗 58
5.4 酵素輔助水萃取 62
第六章 結論 68
參考文獻 69


圖目錄
圖3-1 單級萃取 9
圖3-2 多級並流萃取 9
圖3-3 多級逆向萃取 9
圖4-1 批次逆向萃取實驗流程圖 19
圖4-2 六級批次逆向萃取操作程序圖 20
圖4-3 批次並流萃取實驗流程圖 22
圖4-4 六級批次並流萃取系統圖 23
圖4-5 酵素輔助水萃取實驗進行示意圖 25
圖4-6 酵素輔助水萃取實驗流程圖 26
圖4-7 單級平衡程序 27
圖5-1 油菜籽成份組成 34
圖5-2 黃豆成份組成 34
圖5-3 不同E/R比，正己烷對油菜籽單級萃取濃度變化 36
圖5-4 不同E/R比，正己烷對油菜籽單級萃取收率變化 37
圖5-5 正己烷與油菜籽分配曲線m 38
圖5-6 正己烷對油菜籽擴散係數Ds 40
圖5-7 不同級數與E/R比時，正己烷逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取液濃度比較 44
圖5-8 不同級數與E/R比時，正己烷逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取收率比較 45
圖5-9 不同級數與萃取時間時，正己烷逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取收率比較 46
圖5-10 E/R=4，正己烷六級逆向萃取油菜籽，各級實驗值與理論值濃度比較 49
圖5-11 E/R=8，正己烷六級逆向萃取油菜籽，各級實驗值與理論值濃度比較 50
圖5-12 E/R=4，正己烷六級逆向萃取油菜籽，各級實驗值與理論修正值濃度比較 51
圖5-13 E/R=8，正己烷六級逆向萃取油菜籽，各級實驗值與理論修正值濃度比較 52
圖5-14 六級乙醇並流萃取油菜籽收率與殘油率 54
圖5-15 油菜籽油與水乳化物 54
圖5-16 不同E/R比，乙醇對油菜籽單級萃取濃度變化 56
圖5-17 不同E/R比，乙醇對油菜籽單級萃取收率變化 56
圖5-18 乙醇與油菜籽分配曲線m 57
圖5-19 乙醇對油菜籽擴散係數Ds 57
圖5-20 不同級數與E/R比時，乙醇逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取液濃度比較 59
圖5-21 不同級數與E/R比時，乙醇逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取收率比較 60
圖5-22 不同級數與萃取時間時，乙醇逆向萃取油菜籽，萃取收率比較 61
圖5-23 Pectinase水解油菜籽分層現象 64
圖5-24 Proteinase水解油菜籽分層現象 64
圖5-25 Pectinase水解黃豆分層現象 65
圖5-26 Proteinase水解黃豆分層現象 65
圖5-27 不同酵素水解油菜籽萃取收率比較 66
圖5-28 不同酵素水解黃豆萃取收率比較 66
圖5-29 水萃取後的油菜籽油 67
圖5-30 水萃取後的黃豆油 67

表目錄
表4-1 不同形狀α、qn、Cn對應關係表 32
表5-1 E/R=4，正己烷六級逆向萃取實驗值與理論值比較表 47
表5-2 E/R=8，正己烷六級逆向萃取實驗值與理論值比較表 48

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