臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來環保署極力推廣廚餘“堆肥”資源化政策，但堆肥化過程中，容易產生氨 (NH3) 及甲胺 (CH3NH2) 等臭味物質，造成工作人員及附近居民的困擾，這也構成國內推廣廚餘堆肥化政策之主要障礙。為解決前述問題，本研究擬以工程方法控制堆肥化過程中之環境因子，初步鎖定肥堆 pH 值為臭味氣體產生的關鍵因子，觀察肥堆pH 值和氨氣產出之相關性、找出肥堆氨氣產生之 pH 值臨界點，再加以控制其餘可能產生臭味污染之操作指標，以達到從污染產生源下手，積極有效降低臭味產生之最終目標。本研究主要分為六個階段（一）肥堆pH值與氨氣產生之相關性試驗：把廚餘堆肥初始混合物分成六相同堆，分別添加不同比例之腐熟堆肥 (0%、10%、20%、30%、40%及50%) 於廚餘堆肥混合物中，使各肥堆之起始pH值有所不同，藉此找出堆肥化過程中肥堆pH值與氨氣產生之相關性；同時探討其它可能產生臭味之操作指標。（二） 調控肥堆pH值之試驗：將廚餘堆肥混合物 (廚餘280 kg、木屑60 kg、腐熟堆肥60 kg) 均勻混合後分成四堆 (每堆各100 kg)，其中三堆為實驗組分別添加不同濃度之醋酸，使各肥堆在堆肥化過程中分別控制在pH5、pH6及pH7；剩下的一堆當作對照組 (不添加醋酸之正常堆肥)。(三) 肥堆NH3產生之控制效率試驗：藉由上述調控肥堆pH值之試驗，找出添加不同濃度醋酸中和氨氣之實際減量效果，並印證肥堆 pH 值與 NH3 之相關性。（四）建立肥堆pH值緩衝能力之量化關係：本試驗擬把廚餘堆肥混合物 (廚餘420 kg、木屑90 kg、腐熟堆肥90 kg) 均勻混合後分成四堆 (每堆各150 kg) ，其中三堆為實驗組，剩下的一堆當作對照組 (不添加醋酸之正常堆肥)。實驗組主要先透過實驗室酸鹼滴定之瓶杯實驗，找出將肥堆分別控制在pH5、pH6及pH7之醋酸最適添加當量，並將其最適當量分別添加至實驗堆，以達到實際現場減量之效果。 (五) 追蹤添加醋酸對廚餘堆肥熟化速度之影響：監測各肥堆的C/N、種子發芽率、N、P、K及重金屬是否符合雜項堆肥腐熟標準。(六) 終產品氮肥含量檢測與增肥效果比較：以了解利用不同濃度醋酸將肥堆控制在不同pH值下之氮肥增加效果。
研究結果顯示：(1) 添加腐熟堆肥量越多，肥堆初始pH值越高；NH3臭味較早產生，NH3產生期亦較早結束；當pH＜6時，有機酸中和能力尚足夠或NH3尚未大量產出，故檢測出之NH3濃度不高；當pH升至 6~7之間，NH3開始明顯逸散； pH＞7時，檢測出之NH3突增；當pH＞8.0時，NH3濃度達到最高點，此時進入堆肥製程臭味最嚴重之階段；隨著肥堆進入回溫期，NH3產生量下降，及至堆肥完全腐熟時，NH3不再產生，pH值亦回降至7.0~7.5之間。由以上結果可初步判斷肥堆pH值之變化可做為NH3臭味逸散污染防制之最佳指標。(2)肥堆NH3產生之控制效率試驗得知，未添加醋酸之對照堆，較早量測出NH3，且NH3出現高峰值之所需日數較少，NH3逸散濃度亦較高。其後依肥堆添加醋酸含量之增加（肥堆pH值較低），NH3出現高峰值之濃度較低，且出現高峰值之時間亦較延後。全程氨氣產出總量依序分別為pH5 (9,732 ppm.day)＜ pH6 (17,007 ppm.day)＜ pH7 (22,493 ppm.day)＜沒有調整pH值之控制堆 (28,102 ppm. day)。NH3產生減量成效分別為pH5時65%，pH6時40 %，及pH7時20 %。
綜合上述結果得知，在廚餘堆肥化製程中，將肥堆pH值控制在pH5及pH6能有效降低臭味之產生。
以肥堆控制在pH5為例，本技術目前最佳條件(pH5)可有效降低65％之NH3產生量，不但大幅降低廚餘廠操作時臭味氣體逸散的問題，亦可使環保署推廣廚餘堆肥化政策執行上更加容易，降低目前過度依賴廚餘養豬 (超過80％) 之單一資源化管道政策風險。

This research is aiming to minimize odor emission during the food waste composting processes via the method of pH control. During the food waste composting process, nitrogen element will convert into NH3 or CH3NH2 in an anaerobic condition, thus cause the odor emission problems. It is known that NH3 is a base material, can be neutralized by the organic acid during the initial stage of the composting processes. As the pH increasing during the composting processes, the neutralization capability decreased as well. When the pH is approaching the neutral condition (pH=7), the NH3 will not be soluble in the water content of the compost, and will emit freely as NH3 gas, thus cause the odor problem.
Our creative approach is to use organic acid (such as acetic acid) to adjust the compost pH to maintain at the pH5, pH6, pH7 level; and to compare which situation is the best for NH3 odor emission control. And to select the best pH turning point for setting up the future odor control standard operation procedure (SOP). Also to optimize the organic acid usage amount to evaluate the most feasible approach. During the study, total accumulated amount of NH3 emitted will monitored via the NH3 automatic monitoring instrument and via NH3 dragger tube. During the experiment period, the pH, temperature, ammonia and moisture content of each pile were continually monitored.
The result showed: (1) increase mature compost quantity are more, the initial of pH value is higher; The NH3 gas produces early, so the NH3 had the time also early to finish; When pH<6, NH3 not yet Obvious emission, therefore detect the NH3 value not to be high; When pH rise to between 6~7, NH3 starts to emission obviously; when pH>7, NH3 emission to increase suddenly; When pH>8.0, the NH3 emission achieves the peak, this time is odor most serious stage in compost system ; Then NH3 emission has to drop, when compost complete mature, NH3 no longer produces, the pH value also returns drops to between 7.0~7.5. May judge change of the pH value be possible initially to do is the NH3 stink emissions against system the optimal parameter. (2) the fficiency of NH3 control eexperiment knowing, has not increased comparison of the acetic acid to pile, gauges NH3 early, and NH3 presents the crest value to need the date number to be few, the NH3 emission is also high. After that increases (the fat pile of pH value according to the fat pile of increase acetic acid content to be low), NH3 presents density of the crest value to be low, and presents time of the crest value also to postpone. The entire journey ammonia delivers the total quantity respectively is in order pH5 (9,732ppm) < pH6 (17,007ppm) < pH7 (22,493 ppm) < has not adjusted control of the pH value to pile (28,102 ppm). NH3 has the decrement result respectively is when pH5 reduce NH3 enission 65%, pH6 reduce NH3 enission 40%, and when pH7 reduce NH3 enission 20%.
If our proposed ideal is to be supported for practical application, we still have to make sure that the added organic acid or mineral acid should not affect on the bioactivity of the compost degradation bacteria; thus, a complete stabilization of the compost can be approached. If this approach can be approved, the absorbed NH3 will indeed enhance the N fixation rate, thus, increase the N fertilization content. And this expectation can be easily proved by total N analysis of the final compost products.
Finally, if the proposed ideal can be proved, we can not only minimize the NH3 odor emission problems, but also increase the compost fertilization. This will become a perfect win-win solution to the food waste composting industry.

中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
致 謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XI
第一章、緒言 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 3
第二章、文獻回顧 4
2.1堆肥化介紹 4
2.2堆肥化之原理和影響因素 4
2.2.1溫度 5
2.2.2水分 6
2.2.3酸鹼值（pH） 7
2.2.4氧氣 7
2.2.5營養成分 8
2.2.6 植菌種 8
2.2.7 碳氮比(C/N) 8
2.2.8 適當之材料顆粒尺寸 9
2.3 堆肥化方式 9
2.4 堆肥成品品質判定 11
2.5 堆肥化製程氨氣之產生 15
2.6 國內除臭技術之案例探討 16
2.7 國外除臭技術之案例探討 18
2.8 文獻回顧心得及作法 20
第三章、研究設備及方法 21
3.1 研究架構 22
3.2 研究材料 24
3.3 研究方法 26
3.3.1 廚餘堆肥製作流程 26
3.3.2 肥堆pH值與氨氣產生之相關性試驗 27
3.3.3 調控肥堆pH值之試驗 28
3.3.4 肥堆NH3產生之控制效率試驗 28
3.3.5 建立肥堆pH值緩衝能力之量化關係 29
3.3.6 添加醋酸對廚餘堆肥熟化速度之影響 29
3.3.7 終產品氮肥含量檢測與增肥效果比較 30
3.4 堆肥化過程基本參數之監測方法 30
3.4.1溫度測定 30
3.4.2含水率測定 30
3.4.3酸鹼值 (pH) 測定 31
3.4.4氨氣(NH3)測定 31
3.4.5碳氮比(C/N) 測定 31
3.4.6種子發芽率測定 32
第四章、結果與討論 33
4.1 肥堆pH值與氨氣產生之相關性試驗 33
4.1.1 堆肥化過程含水率之變化 33
4.1.2 堆肥化過程溫度之變化 33
4.1.3 堆肥化過程pH值之變化及其與NH3產生之關係探討 34
4.1.4腐熟堆肥量與NH3產生之關係探討 36
4.2 調控肥堆 pH值之試驗 38
4.3 肥堆NH3產生之控制效率試驗 39
4.4 氨氣實際產出量試驗 40
圖14 pH5之堆肥氨氣實際產出量及時間點 41
圖15 pH6之堆肥氨氣實際產出量及時間點 41
圖16 pH7之堆肥氨氣實際產出量及時間點 41
圖17 控制堆之堆肥氨氣實際產出量及時間點 42
4.5 終產品鑑定 42
4.5.1 種子發芽率 42
第五章、結論 44
5.1 結論 44
5.2本研究預期之貢獻 44
參考文獻 46
附錄-1：氨之物質安全物質資料表 54
附錄-2：甲胺之物質安全物質資料表 55

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