臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在台灣，斜紋夜蛾(Spodoptera litura (F.))是花生植株的重要害蟲之一，為減少農藥使用、保護環境、提高農產品安全品質，綜合害蟲管理(IPM)為目前安全農業、合理用藥模式發展之主軸，而建立經濟為害水準(economic injury level, EIL)與經濟限界(economic threshold, ET)即為達到此目的之重要條件。在EIL方面，為決定斜紋夜蛾危害與花生產量之間的關係，本研究利用人工去葉模擬害蟲於不同環境下(25oC、春季均溫23.6oC、秋季均溫28.3oC)對花生各生長期之為害與對花生產量影響，實驗結果顯示每隻六齡幼蟲可造成每叢落花生0.21-2.18克的產量損失。此外，本論文研究斜紋夜蛾在春、秋兩季以及室內25oC恆溫環境下之兩性生命表與取食量，結果顯示不同環境下各發育時間、存活率、繁殖率與卵孵化率皆有差異：在室內25oC恆溫環境下，其內在增殖率(0.1838 d-1)、終極增殖率(1.2017d-1)與淨增殖率(963.2 offspring)最高，平均世代時間則以秋季最短為34.5天。結合生命表、取食量與人工去葉之結果，在選擇以14.5%因得克之藥劑防治時（防治率為64.9%），花生不同生長期之EIL以秋季環境下最高：營養生長期、開花期、結莢期與充實期分別為0.78、2.00、1.80及4.55之六齡幼蟲/株。最後，本研究由EIL與生命表中齡期存活率與平均孵化率，估算 ET。結果顯示，秋季環境下之ET值最高：營養生長期、開花期、結莢期與充實期分別為3.55、9.13、8.20及20.76粒卵/株。綜合而言，在秋季環境下，由於斜紋夜蛾取食量小、存活率與卵孵化率都較低，因此其能容忍之害蟲數較高。花生充實期之EIL與ET較高則顯示此時期對於害蟲危害有較高耐受性。最後，為配合目前田間監測之技術，本文利用電腦程式模擬斜紋夜蛾族群生長，結合監測誘集之成蟲數與可能產下之卵粒數，推測監測之成蟲數是否達到ET值。由於EIL與ET隨時變動，所需考量之因子非常多，為使此系統更趨完善，尚有諸多生態與防治相關研究需持續進行。

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), is one of the major pests of peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) in Taiwan. With the increasing concern of food safety and environmental protection, scientists pay attention to the integrated pest management (IPM) as well as the related economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) in peanut production. To calculate EIL, a quantitative assessment of the injury of S. litura on peanuts is necessary. In this study, artificial defoliation was used to assess the relationship between injury and yield at different plant growth stages. Moreover, the age-stage, two-sex life table and consumption rate of S. litura were collected under different conditions (25oC constant condition, outdoors in spring 23.6oC, and in fall 28.3oC). Results showed that there were significant differences in developmental times, survival rate, fecundity, and hatch rate under different conditions. At 25oC, the intrinsic rate of increase (0.1838 d-1), finite rate of increase (1.2017 d-1), and net reproductive rate (963.2 offspring) were the highest among all treatments. The mean generation time was the shortest in fall (34.5 d). Incorporating the results of artificial defoliation and consumption rate, the yield loss under different conditions ranged from 0.21 to 2.18 g/6th instar/plant. For the pesticide 14.5% indoxacarb (with 64.9% control efficiency), the highest EILs were in fall and they were 0.78, 2.00, 1.80, and 4.55 6th instar/plant at vegetative stage, blooming/pegging stage, pod-set stage, and pod-fill stage, respectively. To derive ET from EIL, the data of stage survival rate and average hatch rate were integrated. The highest values of ETs in fall were 3.55, 9.13, 8.20, and 20.76 eggs/plant at vegetative stage, bloom/pegging stage, pod-set stage, and pod-fill stage, respectively. The higher EILs and ETs in fall might be due to lower consumption rate, survival rate and hatch rate of S. litura, while the higher EILs and ETs at pod-fill stage might be due to the higher tolerance to pest injury. To transform the number of male adults collected by pheromone traps to ETs as eggs per plant, computer simulation was used to project population growth and to estimate the relationship between the number of moths caught by pheromone traps and egg production. Because there are more factors included in the population growth of S. litura and the damage it caused, more researches in its ecology and fields experiment are needed to build an applicable pest management system.

Abstract......................i

摘要..........................iii

Introduction..................1

Literature Review.............3

Materials and Methods.........14

Results.......................22

Discussion....................35

Conclusion....................44

References Cited..............46

Figures and Tables............58

Appendix......................80

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