臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著影像編輯軟體的進步，即使不是影像處理專家也可以輕易地竄改數位影像。數位影像的篡改存在著許多種方法，例如影像拼接、複製移動和影像修飾。而複製移動是數位影像竄改中最常被使用的方式，將影像中的一部分複製並且貼上於同一影像中的不同地方，用來取代影像中的另一部分，在本文中，我們提出一種高效能且強健的方法用來檢測這樣遭人為處理過的影像，將遭篡改圖像分割為重疊且固定大小的區塊，運用Gabor濾波器與局部二值模式提出局部賈柏小波模式(Local Gabor Wavelet Pattern, LGWP)並將LGWP應用到每個分割出來的區塊，因此，每個區塊都會有一個相對應的LGWP特徵值；接著將提取出的特徵向量以字典排序法進行排列，並在適當的後處理之後找到相似的區塊對來檢測出重複的影像區塊(也就是遭竄改的區塊)，另為了增強演算法的強健性，我們提出了一個演算法將錯誤區塊移除。最後實驗結果證明了我們所提出的方法用於檢測遭複製移動竄改的影像時可準確地找出遭到竄改的區域，甚至在偽造影像遭遇旋轉、JPEG壓縮、模糊化和亮度調整等攻擊時也有強健的檢測效果。

With advancement of media editing software, even people who are not image processing experts can easily alter digital images. Various methods of digital image forgery exist, such as image splicing, copy-move forgery, and image retouching. The most common method of tampering with a digital image is copy-move forgery, in which a part of an image is duplicated and used to substitute another part of the same image at a different location. In this thesis, we present an efficient and robust method to detect such artifacts. First, the tampered image is segmented into overlapping fixed-size blocks, and the Gabor filter is applied to each block. Thus, the image of Gabor magnitude represents each block. Secondly, we combine Gabor filter and Local Binary Pattern proposing Local Gabor Wavelet Pattern (LGWP) to extract the eigenvalues of each overlapping blocks, therefore, each block will have a corresponding LGWP eigenvalue. Finally, feature vectors are sorted lexicographically, and duplicated image blocks are identified by finding similarity block pairs after suitable post-processing. To enhance the algorithm’s robustness, a few parameters are proposed for removing the wrong similar blocks. Experiment results demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to detect multiple examples of copy-move forgery and precisely locate the duplicated regions, even when dealing with images distorted by slight rotation, JPEG compression, blurring, and brightness adjustment.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究動機 2
1.3遭竄改知名實例 4
1.4研究目的 9
1.5研究方法 9
1.6論文架構 10
第二章 相關文獻探討 12
2.1數位影像鑑識技術 12
2.2主動式數位鑑識 12
2.2.1數位簽章 13
2.2.2數位浮水印 14
2.3被動式數位鑑識 16
2.3.1矩形區塊為基之演算法 17
2.3.2特徵點為基之演算法 21
第三章 竄改影像偵測演算法 23
3.1影像偽造資料庫 25
3.2彩色影像轉灰階影像 26
3.3重疊分割 28
3.4賈柏濾波器 29
3.5局部賈柏小波模式(Local Gabor Wavelet Pattern, LGWP) 31
3.5.1旋轉不變圓形範圍 34
3.5.2旋轉不變量 37
3.6 字典排序法( Lexicographical sorting) 42
3.7 LGWP特徵向量匹配 43
3.8匹配後處理 45
第四章 實驗結果 50
4.1實驗環境 50
4.2實驗結果 51
4.2.1未經後處理的copy-move竄改檢測 52
4.2.2 針對平滑區域的copy-move竄改檢測 55
4.2.3 經由後處理的copy-move竄改檢測 57
4.2.4針對旋轉的copy-move竄改檢測 63
第五章 結論與未來展望 68
5.1結論 68
5.2未來展望 69
參考文獻 71

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