跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(216.73.216.59) 您好!臺灣時間:2025/10/15 02:20
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:熊師瑤
研究生(外文):Hsiung,Shih-Yao
論文名稱:正向畢馬龍情境、合作者工作態度及士兵偏見改變之研究
論文名稱(外文):The study of Positive Pymalion condition, coworker's working attitude and the soldier's prejudice change.
指導教授:程淑華程淑華引用關係
指導教授(外文):Cheng, Shu-Hua
口試委員:馬于雯凌孝綦
口試委員(外文):Ma, Yu-WenLing, Hsiao-Chi
口試日期:2011-05-23
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國防大學政治作戰學院
系所名稱:心理碩士班
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:心理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2011
畢業學年度:99
語文別:中文
論文頁數:166
中文關鍵詞:偏見志願役士兵正向畢馬龍情境合作者工作態度義務役士兵
外文關鍵詞:Positive Pygmalion conditionconscript soldiersvolunteer soldiers,prejudicepartner’s working attitude
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:543
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
「偏見」普遍存在於人與人之間的相處中,然而軍隊是講求團隊合作,共同達成任務的團體,一旦同袍之間的負向認知與負向情緒感受過重,有可能影響整個軍事團隊的良窳甚至存敗。若欲探討影響軍事成員的偏見增加或是減少的因素,研究者認為應從正向畢馬龍情境與合作者的工作態度著手。是以,本研究的目的有以下三點:1.編製「國軍弟兄營區生活調查問卷」,瞭解志願役弟兄與義務役士兵目前對彼此團體的想法與感受;2.探討在正向畢馬龍情境下義務役士兵與志願役士兵對彼此的偏見是否可能產生變化;3.探討在正向畢馬龍情境下義務役士兵與志願役士兵是否會因對方役別的工作態度而對彼此偏見產生變化。
本研究將研究對象設定為基層連隊士兵,採準實驗法設計。研究者利用自編之「國軍弟兄營區生活調查問卷」前測分數高低將士兵分配至六個實驗情境之中,藉由營造正向畢馬龍情境與操弄與受試士兵合作之工作者的工作態度方式進行實驗,並以「國軍弟兄營區生活調查問卷」後測成績做為分析偏見改變之測量依據。
由研究結果可知:
一、整體受試士兵在認知層面的偏見後測分數顯著降低於前測分數,但情感層面的偏見程度卻增
加。
二、義務役士兵對志願役士兵的偏見程度,較志願役士兵對義務役士兵的偏見程度高。
三、正向畢馬龍情境能減少受試士兵的偏見程度。
四、在正向畢馬龍情境下,合作者的工作態度與偏見的增加或減少具有關聯性。
五、受試士兵在認知層面的偏見轉變與情感層面的偏見轉變方向並不一致。
The military emphasizes the team work. Any negative cognition or feeling among members would possibly affect the effectiveness of the military. However, prejudice is anywhere around our life. There is no exception in the military. Theresearcher thought that positive Pyg-malion condition and the partner's positive working attitude might re-duce the prejudice among soldiers. Therefore, in order to analyze the
question above, the researcher developed a questionnaire to understand the volunteer soldiers’ and the conscript soldiers’ thoughts about each other; explored whether the volunteer soldiers and the conscript soldiers could change their prejudice or not under the positive Pyg-malion condition and analyzed whether the volunteer soldiers and the
conscript soldiers would change their prejudice because of their partner’s work attitude under the positive Pygmalion condition. The subjects were 173 soldiers at basic level companies. The researcher used “quasi-experimental designs” and assigned subjects to one of six situations based on their pretest scores. The result showed:
1、 Most of the soldiers reduced their cognitive prejudice, but in-
creased negative emotions after treatment.
2、 The conscript soldiers’ prejudice regarding the volunteer soldiers
were higher than the volunteer soldiers’ prejudice regarding the
conscript soldiers.
3、 Positive Pygmalion condition could decrease the soldiers’prejudice
regarding each other.
4、 Under positive Pygmalion condition, the partner’s working attitude
could decrease or increase the soldiers’ prejudice.
5、 In general, the changing direction of the soldiers’ cognitive pre-
judice and affective prejudice was different.
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景與動機
第二節 研究目的
第三節 名詞釋義
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 畢馬龍效應
第二節 偏見
第三節 正向畢馬龍情境與偏見改變之間的關係
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構
第二節 研究問題
第三節 研究過程
第四節 研究對象
第五節 研究工具
第四章 研究結果
第一節 實驗前之團體差異性分析
第二節 正式實驗結果
第五章 綜合討論與建議
第一節 研究結果綜整
第二節 綜合討論
第三節 研究限制
第四節 未來研究方向
參考文獻
附錄一
附錄二
附錄三
附錄四之一
附錄四之二
附錄五之一
附錄五之二
附錄六

中文部分:
王俊智(2007)。在戰場壓力下正向畢馬龍效應對士兵失敗控制與情緒調控的影響性–以自我效
能為調節變項。未出版碩士,國防大學政治作戰學院心理研究所,台北市
王增義(2007)。以空軍義務役士兵人力運用觀點探討我國兵役制度(未出版之碩士論文)。南
華大學企業管理系管理科學碩博士班,嘉義縣。
方潤強(2007)。從現在領導理論建構陸戰隊幹部應有的領導特質。海軍學術雙月
刊,4,4-21。
李弘暉、吳瓊治(2003)。善用「比馬龍效應」-激勵專案團隊。品質月刊,39(5),26-29。
李美枝(1983)。社會心理學。台北市:大洋。
李美枝(1989)。社會心理學-理論研究與應用。台北:大洋。
林慧真(2004)。國小學生知覺教師期望與自我效能關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。屏東師
範學院教育行政研究所,屏東縣。
吳孟錞(2004)。國小高年級學童自我效能、知覺父母期望、教師期望與行為困擾、學業表現之
相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所,台北市。
胡惠琴(2009)。師生性別、教師數學期望與國小高年級學生數學學習態度之關係研究(未出版
之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系,台北市。
修慧蘭(2003) 。行為取向的學習論與教學。載於葉玉珠等,教育心理學,113-153。台北
市:心理。
陳智勇(2006)。「軍人我」及「自我複雜度」與個體適應之關聯性研究(未出版之碩士文)。
政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所,台北市。
陳嘉惠(2008)。國中學生知覺教師期望、自我效能與學業成就關係之研究---以新竹縣市為例
(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所,彰化縣。
時蓉華(2010)。社會心理學。台北市:東華。
許玉芳(2007)。國小學童的教師期望、父母期望與自我效能、學業成就之相關研究(未出版之
碩士論文)。國立屏東教育大學心理輔導教育研究所,屏東縣。
黃丹亭(2007)員工參與教育訓練對專業能力、工作態度及薪資收入之關聯性探討(未出版之碩
士論文)。中央大學人力資源管理研究所,桃園縣。
黃耀宗(2003)。國軍志願役士兵與義務役士兵服役壓力、因應策略與生活滿意關聯性之研究
(未出版之碩士論文)。政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所,台北市。
張滿玲(譯)(1999)。Shellsy E.T.,Letitia A.T.,David O.Sears著。社會心理
學。台北市:雙頁書廊。
張廷斌(2005)。論當前徵募兵役併行制度之軍隊組織管理-以陸軍基層部隊為例(未出版之碩
士論文)。元智大學管理研究所,桃園縣。
張春興(1991)。現代心理學-現代人研究自身問題的科學。台北市:東華。
張春興(1996)。教育心理學:三化取向的理論與實踐。台北市:東華。
張春興(2000)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。
曾慧佳(1993)。減低偏見的社會科教學策略與方法。台北師範學報,6,399-420。
楊怡婷(2008)。知覺他人創意期待對創意教學表現的影響:創意自我效能的中介效果與內部任
務動機的調節效果(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學高齡者教育所,嘉義縣。
楊國樞(1984)。現代性員工與傳統性員工的環境知覺、工作滿足及工作士氣,中國式管理研討
會論文集。
楊語芸(譯)(1994)。Darley, J.M., Glucksberg,S., & Kinchla,R.A.著。心理
學。台北市:桂冠。
蔡孟樺(2002)。領導者的期望與員工的自我期望對工作績效之影響(未出版之碩士論文)。義
守大學工業管理學系,高雄縣。
劉安彥(1984)。社會心理學。台北:三民。
劉宏武(2005)。志願役與義務役士官兵對新兵役制度看法之研究~以國軍北部地面部隊為例
(未出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學行政管理碩士學程,台北市。
廖帝涵(2008)。梅荷綻放時 — 憲兵義務役士兵「軍事社會化」歷程之質化探討(未出版之碩
士論文)。國防大學政治作戰學院社會工作碩士班,台北市
廖俊傑(1999)。領導者應具備之條件與認知。陸軍步兵學術雙月刊,189,4-8。
葉肅科(2007)社會心理學。台北市:洪葉。
韓幼賢(1979)。心理學。台北市:中央圖書供應社。
謝王惠(2005)。畢馬龍效應、人格堅忍度與歸因型態之關聯性研究(未出版之碩士論文)。政
治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所,台北市。
魏明愷(2008)。正向畢馬龍情境對士兵工作表現之影響性-以工作自我效能為中介變項以工作
自我效能為中介變項正向畢馬龍情境對士兵工作表現之影響性-以工作自我效能為中介變(未
出版之碩士論文)。國防大學政治作戰學院心理碩士班,台北市。
蕭金蘭、羅新興、黃俊彥(2010)大學聲望知覺與教師期望知覺對研究生自我效能的影響。人文
社會學報,6,63-83。
嚴國晉(2009)。畢馬龍效應對個體創造力表現影響之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國防大學管
理學院資源管理及決策研究所,台北市。

西文部分
Aboud,F.E. (1988).Children and prejudice.Oxford:basil Blackwell Ltd.
Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an Understanding of Inequity. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 422-436.
Ajarwal,S., & Ramaswami, S. (1993). Affective Organizational
Commitment of Salespeople:An Expand Model. Journal of Persinal
Selling & Sales Management,Volume,ⅩⅢ,2, 49-70.
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice.Reading, Ma:Addison-
Wesley.
Allport, G. W. (1958). The nature of prejudice. New York:Doubleday.
Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory:Progress and problems. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcob, M. J. Rosenberg, &
P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theorirs of cognitive consistency: A
sourcebook,5-27.Chicago:Rand McNally.
Aronson, E. (1984). The social animal(4th ed.). New York: W. H.Freeman
and Company.
Aronson, E. (2003). Human trafficking and psychological trauma: Levels
of intervention. Traumatic Stress Points, 17(3).
Aronson, E., Stephan, C., Siles, J., Blaney, N., & Snapp, M. (1978).
The jigsaw classroom. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
Aronson, E., Timothy, D., & Akert, R. M. (2002). Social Psycholopy(4th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, US: Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (1987). Social psychology:Understanding
human interaction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Inc.
Beaty, D. (1990). Re-examining the link between job characteristics
and job satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(1),
131-132.
Branscombe, N. R., & Miron, A. M. (2004). Interpreting the ingroup’s
negative actions toward another group:Emotional reactions to app-
raosed harm. In L.Z. Tiedens & C.W.Leach(Eds.). The social life of
emotions,314-335. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Branscombe, N. R.,Wann, D. L., Noel, J. G., & Coleman, J. (1993). In-
Group or Out-Group Extemity :Importance of Threatened Social Iden-
tity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 381-388.
Brehm, J. W. (1956a). Postdecision changes in the desirability of
alternatives. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,52(3),
384-389. doi: 10.1037/ h0041006
Brehm, J. W. (1956b). A Theory of Psychological Reaztance. New York:
Academic Press.
Brehm, S. S., & Kassin, S. M. (1966). Social psychology .Boston, MA: Houghton
Miffin.
Brehm, S. S., Kassin, S. M. & Fein, S. (2006). Social Psychology (6th). Boston,
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. The handbook of
social psychology, 1 & 2 (4th ed.), 554-594. New York, NY, US: McGraw-Hill.
Buchanan, B. (1974). Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of
Managers in Work Organizations. Admnistrative Science Quarterly,19,533-546.
Charlotte D. S., & Woodman, R. W. (1989). Pygmalion Goes to Work: The effect of
supervisor Expectations in a Retail Setting. Journal of Applied psychology,
74(76), 943-950. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.943
Clark, Kenneth, B. & Clark, Mamie, P. (1950). Emotional factors in racial iden-
tification and preference in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education, 19,
341-350. doi: 10.2307/2966491
Cook, S. W. (1984). Cooperative Interaction in Multiethic Context. in N. Miller
and M.B. Brewer(Eds.), Group in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation.
New York: Academic Press.
Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A. & Buidin, B. (2001). Threat and the
Group Attribution Error :When Threat Elicits Judgements of Extremity and
Homogeneity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 437-446. doi:
10.1177/ 0146167201274005
Crawford, K. S., Thomas, E. D., Fink, & Jeffrey, J. (1980). Pygmalion at sea:
Improving the work effectiveness of low performers. Journal of Applied
Behavioral Science, 16(4), 482-505. doi: 10.1177/002188638001600405
Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A. & Toth, P. (1997). The Relationship
of Organizational Politics and Support to Work Behaviors, Attitudes, and
Stress. Faerman, S. R. & Ban C.1993. Trainee Satisfaction and Training
Impact: Issues in Training Evaluation, Public Productivity & Management
Review, 16(3), 299-314.
Davidson, O. B., Eden, D. (2000). Remedial self-fulfilling prophecy: Two field
experiments to prevent Golm effects among disadvantaged women. Journal of
Applied Psychology,67,194-199. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.386
DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Wegener, D. T., & Braverman, J.(2004).
Discrete emotions and persuasion: the role of emotion-induced expectancies.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 43–56. doi: 10.1037/0022-
3514.86.1.43
Duckitt, J. & Mphuthing, T.(1998). Group identification and intergroup atti-
tudes: A longitudinal analysis in South Africa. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology,74(1),80-85. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.80
Eden, D., & Shani, A. B. (1982). Pygmalion goes to boot camp: expectancy, leader-
ship, and trainee performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 194-
199. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.67.2.194
Eden, D. (1990a). Industrialization as a self-fulfilling Prophecy: the role of
expectations in development. International Journal of Psychology,25,871-886.
Eden, D. (1990b). Pygmalion in Management: Productivity as a self-fulfilling
prophecy. Lexington Books: Lexington, MA.
Eden, D. (1990c). Pymalion Without Interpersonal Contract Effects:Whole Group
Gain From Raising Manager Expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75
(4), 394-398.
Eden, D. (1992). Leadership and expectations: Pygmalion effects and other self-
fulfilling prophecies in organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 3(4), 271-
305. doi: 10.1016/1048-9843(92)90018-B
Edwards, K., & von Hippel, W. (1995). Hearts and minds: The priority of aff-
ective versus cognitive factors in person perception. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin,21(10), 996-1011. doi: 10.1177/01461672952110001
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails.
Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations,
7, 117-140.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced
compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203-210.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1996). Cognitive consequences of forced
compliance. In S. Fein, (Ed) & S. Spencer(Ed). Readings in social psy-
chology: The art and science of research, 102-109. Boston, MA, US: Houghton,
Mifflin and Company.
Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgement: The affect infusion model(AIM). Psycho- logical Bulletin, 117,39-66.
Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., & Murrell, A. J. (1990). How does
cooper- ation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality Social
Psychology, 59, 692-704.
Glick, P. (2002). Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves’ clothing: Envious pre-
judice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews. The social psychology of the
Holocaust, 113-142. New York : Oxford University Press.
Goddard, R. (1985). The Pygmalion Effect. Personnel Journal, 64,10-16.
Gorn, G. J., & Kanuago, R. N. (1980). Job Involvement and Motivation:Are In-
trinsically Motiaved Managers More Job Involved? Organizational Behavior and
Human Performance,.26,265-277.
Handler, J. M. (1966). An Attempt to Change Kindergarten Children’s Attitudes of
Prejudice toward the Negro. Unpublish doctoral dissertation, Columbia
University.
Herzberg, F. Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The Motivator to Work. Jong
Wiley & Sons, New York.
Holtz, R. & Miler, N. (1985) . Assumed Similarity and Opinion Certainty. Journal
of Personality and Socail Psychology, 48,890-898.
Isen, A. M. (1987). Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior.
In L. Berkowitz(Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology,20,203-
253.San Diego,CA:Academic Press.
Jamieson, D. W., Lydon, J. E., Stewart, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1987). Pygmalion
Revisited:New Evidence for Student Expectancy Effects in the Classroom.
Journal of Educational Psychology,79(4), 461-466.
Jussim, L. (1989). Teacher Expectations:Self-fulfilling Prophecies, Perceptual
Biases, and Accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(3),469-
480.
Jussim, L., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). Teacher expectation Ⅱ:construction and re-
flection of student achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psycho-
logy,63(6),947-961.
Johnson, R. W., Kelly,R.J., & LeBlanc, B. A. (1995). Motivational basis of
dissonance: Aversive consequences of inconsistency. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin,21(8), 850-855.
Joule, Robert-Vincent, & Azdia, T. (2003). Cognitive dissonance, double forced
compliance, and commitment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(4),
565-571.
Kanuago, R. N. (1982). Measure of Job and Work Involvement. Journal of Applied
Psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology,67(3),341-349.
Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism:
effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality
and Social Psy- chology, 64, 740–752.
Kierein, N. M., & Gold, M. A. (2000). Pymalion in work organizations:a meta-
analysis. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 21, 913-928.
King, A. S. (1971). Self-fulfilling prophecies in training the hard-core:
Supervisors’ expectations and the underprivileged workers’ performance.
Social Science Quarterly, 52, 369-378.
Linville, P. W., Fisher, G. W. & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived Distribution of
the Charac- teristics of In-Group and Out-Group Members :Empirical Evidence
and a Com- puter Simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
52, 165-188.
Livingston, J. S. (1969). Pymalion in Management. Harvard Business Review, 47
(4), 81-89.
Livingston, J. S. (2003). Pymalion in Management. Harvard Business Review, 81
(1), 97-106.
Locke, E. A. (1969). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction.In Dunnette, M.
D. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial ans Organizational Psychology. Chicago,Rand
Mcnally.
Lodahl, T. M. & Kejner, M.(1965). The Definition and Measuetrment of Job Involve-
ment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(1),24-33.
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2002). Beyond prejudice :Moving from positive and
negative evaluations to differentiated reactions to social groups.In D. M.
Mackie & E.R.Smith(Eds.).From perjudice to intergroup emotion:Differentiated
reactions to social groups,1-12.New York :Psychology Press.
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: explaining
off- ensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Persona-
lity and Social Psychology, 79, 602–616.
Madon, S., Jussom, L., & Eccles, J. (1997).In search of the powerful self-
fulfilling prochecy. Journal of personality and Social Psychology,72(4),791-
809.
McNatt, D. B. (2000). Ancient Pymalion Joins Contemporary Management:A Meta-
Analysis of the Result. Journal of Applied Psychology,85(2),314-322.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1990).The Measurement and Antecedents of Affec- tive, Continuance and Normative Commitement to Organization. Journal of Occu- pational Psychokogy,63,1-18.
Miller, D. A., Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M. (2004). Effects of Intergroup Contact
and Political Predispositions on Prejudice: Role of Intergroup Emotions.
Group Pro- cesses & Intergroup Relations,7(3), 221-237. doi: 10.1177/
1368430204046109
Natoli, S. (1988). Editor’s notebook, Social Education,52(4),230.
Nel, E., Helmreich, R., & Aronson, E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as
a function of the persuasibility of his audience:A clarification of the
meaning of dissonance. Journal of personality and social Psychology,12,117-
124.
Neuberg, S. L., & Cottrell, C. A. (2002). Inter-group emotions:A biocultural
approach.In D.M.Mackie & E.R.Smith(Eds.),.From prejudice to intergroup
emotion:Differentiated reactions to social groups, 265-283. Philadelphia:
Psychology Press.
Pate, G. (1987). What does research tell us about the reduction of preju-
dice? .Presented at the 1857 ADL conference .American Citizenship in the
Twenty-First Century :Education for a Pluralistic, Democratic America.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1981). Extending the stereotype concept. In D. L. Hamilton
(Ed.). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior.
Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.
Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuation. New York:
Springer-Verlage.
Robbins, S. P, (1993). Organizational Behavior(6thed.).NU:Prentice Hall.
Robbin, S. P. (1999).Organization Behavior.New York.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior: Concepts, Controversies and
Application(9th ed.). Prentice Hall International Inc.
Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B. (1987). Cognition and categorization. Oxford, England:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rosenthal, R. & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom:Teacher
Expectation and Pupils’ Intellectual Development. New York:Holt, Rinehart &
Winstone.
Sakamato, A., Miura, S., Sak Allport amato, Katura., & Mori, T.(2000).Popular
psychological tests and self-fulfilling prophecy:An experiment of Japanese
female undergraduate student. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,3(2),107-
124.
Seashore, S. E., & Taber, T. D. (1975). Job satisfaction and their correlation,
American behavior and scientist, 346.
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Stack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simmon,
A. (1992). Ease of retrieval as information:Another look at the availability
heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61,195-202.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1988). How do I feel about it? Informative func-
tions of affective states. In K.Fiedler & J.Forgas(Eds.).Affect, cognition,
and social be- havior, 44-62.Toronto:Hogrefe.
Sherif, M., & Harvey, O. J., Hood, W., & Shweif, C. (1961). Intergroup conflict
and cooperation:The robber’s cave experiment. Norman:University of Oklahoma,
Institue of intergroup Relations.
Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M. & Hulin, C. L. (1969). The Measurement of Satis-
faction in Work and Retirement. Chicago, Rand McNally.
Snyder, M., DeBono, K. G.,(1989).Understanding the functions of attitudes:
Lessons from personality and social behavior. The third Ohio State
University volume on attitudes and persuasion. Pratkanis, Anthony R. (Ed);
Breckler, Steven J. (Ed); Greenwald, Anthony G. (Ed). Attitude structure and
function, The third Ohio State University volume on attitudes and
persuasion ,339-359.
Spencer, S. J., Josephs, R. A., & Steele, C. M. (1998). Low self-esteem:The
uphill battle for self-integrity. In R. F. Baumeister(Ed.). Self-esteem and
puzzle of low self-regard,21-36.New York:Wiley.
Tajfel, H. (1982a).Social identity and intergroup relation. Cambridge:Cambridge
University Press.
Tajfel, H. (1982b).Social psychology of intergroup relation. In M.R. Rosenzweig,
& L. R. Porter(eds.), Annual Review of Psychology,33.Palo/Alto,CA:Annual
Review.
Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M.(1994). Theories of intergroup relations:
International social psychological perspectives (2nd ed.) ,245.Westport, CT,
US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group .
Turner, J. C., Hogg, Michael A., Oakes, Penelope J., Reicher, Stephen D.&
Wetherell, Margaret S.(1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-
categorization theory.Cambridge, MA, US: Basil Blackwell.
Walker,J. & Smith, H. J.(2002) Fifty years of relative deprivation research.
Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Walker,
Iain (Ed);Smith, Heather J. (Ed), (2002). Relative deprivation: Specifi-
cation, development, and integration,1-9. New York, NY, US: Cambridge
University Press.
Waxley, K. N. & Yukl, G. A.(1977),Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psycho-
logy, Homewood, IL:Richard, D. Irwin.
Weiss, D.J., Dawis, R.V., England, G.W.(1967). Manual for the minnesota
satisfaction questionnaire. Minnesota Studies in Vocational
Rehabilitation,22, 120.
Wegener, D. T., & Petty R.E. (1994). Mood management across affective states:The
hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of personality and social phycholo,
66, 1094-1048.
Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization:Implications for creation and
reduction of intergroup bias. In L. Berkpwitz(Ed.). Advances in experimental
social psychology, 19, 291-355. New York:Academic Press.
Wilder, D. A. (1990). Some Determinants of the Persuasive Power of In-Group and
Out-Group :Organization of Information and Attribution of Independence.
Journal of Personality Socail Psychology,59, 1202-1213.
Wills, T. A. (1981). Downwards Comparison Principles in Social Psychology ,
Psychological Bulletin,90,245-271.
Winkielman, P., Zajonc, R. B., & Schwarz, N. (1997). Subliminal affective
priming resists attributional interventions. Cognition and Emotion, 11(4),
433-465.
White, R. K. (1977). Misperception in the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Journal of
Social Issues,33,190-221.
Woods, N. S., Eyler, F. D., Conlon, M., Behnke, M., & Wobie, K. (1998).
Pygmalion in the cradle:Observe bias against cocaine-exposed infants.
Journal of developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics,19(4),283-285.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top