臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

對於牙科植體骨整合檢測，本研究延續非接觸式電磁激振感應的方法於人工植牙手
術後穩固度監測，檢測方式是利用交互變化的電流訊號輸入電感激振源產生交互變化的
電磁力來激振結構，然後以線性霍爾效應感測器來量測其共振頻率。研究分成兩部分，
第一部分介紹激振源電感的選擇基準和相關原理，以及霍爾效應感測器的原理，再說明
電磁檢測裝置的架構，然後輸入訊號驗證電磁裝置的可行性；第二部分說明體外骨塊實
驗設計及流程，並且與市售檢測裝置Osstell® ISQ 及電容式位移計量測植體的共振頻率
結果作比較。
自然頻率與結構剛性有關，同時也受到質量效應的影響，如果質量增加比剛性要多，
則第一模態的自然頻率會下降；因此，骨塊實驗所增加緻密骨厚度將降低共振頻率，但
是疏鬆骨的楊氏係數增加將使結構剛性變大，第一模態的共振頻率將上升。為了更接近
臨床條件，也進行骨塊側面(頰舌方向)黏貼緻密骨實驗，此時骨塊整體剛性明顯增大，
同時造成結構的共振頻率較難量測。研究結果顯示，所開發非接觸式電磁檢測裝置具可
靠性，然未來仍需小型化及一體化，並進行動物實驗以確定植體骨整合檢測的實際應用
效果。

For dental implant osseointegration detection, this study continues a non-contact
electromagnetic excitation in artificial implant surgery stable detection. Electromagnetic (EM)
detection is used of interactive changing current signal, which input the inductor, and produce
an interactive electromagnetic force to excite structures. Then linear Hall-effect sensor detects
the resonance frequency (RF) of the dental implant structure. The thesis consists of two parts.
First, the principle of inductive excitation source, selection criteria, the principle of Hall-effect
sensors, and the schema electromagnetic detection device are briefly introduced. Then EM
device will be fed with Morlet wavelet to verify the feasibility of the electromagnetic device.
The second section describes in-vitro experimental processes, and the RF results obtained from
measurement will be compared with Osstell® ISQ, and capacitive displacement sensor.
Natural frequency depends on stiffness, and is affected by mass. If mass increases more
than stiffness, natural frequency of the 1st mode shape decreases. Therefore, although the
stiffness of structural bone blocks are increased by enlarging thickness of cortical bone, the
RFs decreased. Increasing the Young’s modulus of cencellous bone will increase the structural
stiffness. In order to correspond the clinical condition, bone block is attached the cortical shell
in Buccal Lingual (BL) direction, it can increase the stiffness of bone block. As the thickness
of cortical shell increase, RF is more difficult to measure. The results show that the
non-contact electromagnetic detection device is reliable, but still need improvement to make
the device more compact. Moreover, in-vivo experimental of animal- tibia is required to verify
the devices applied in clinical condition.

摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………ii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………... iii
致謝………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Contents……………………………………………………………………………………… v
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………. vii
List of Table…………………………………………………………………………………. xi
Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation ............................................................... 1
1.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 Invasive Methods ........................................................................................ 1
1.2.2 Non-invasive Methods ................................................................................ 1
1.3 Framework ............................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2 Detection Mechanism for Dental Implantation Stability .................................. 6
2.1 Structural Resonance Measurement ................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Resonance Frequency of Cantilever Structure ........................................... 6
2.1.2 Vibration Measurements............................................................................. 7
2.2 Excitation ............................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Transients Phenomena of R-L Circuit ...................................................... 11
2.2.2 Energy Storage in Inductors ..................................................................... 11
2.2.3 The Electromagnetic Force ....................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Morlet Wavelet ......................................................................................... 14
2.3 Detection .............................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Principle of Hall effect ............................................................................. 15
2.3.2 Response sensing ...................................................................................... 16
vi
2.3.3 Frequency Response Function .................................................................. 18
Chapter 3 Design and Implementation for EM Devices ................................................... 19
3.1 Introduction of EM Device ................................................................................ 19
3.2 Exciter Design ..................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Validation of EM Device .................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 In-vitro Experimentation ................................................................................... 30
4.1 In-vitro Experiment Design ............................................................................... 30
4.2 In-vitro Bone Blocks Test for Device Verification ............................................ 32
Chapter 5 In-vitro Experimental Results and Discussion ................................................. 38
5.1 Device Justification ............................................................................................. 38
5.2.1 First in-vitro test…………………………………………………………41
5.2.2 Second in-vitro test……………………………………………………...47
5.2.3 RF comparison between first and second in-vitro experiment………….49
5.2 Experiment Discussion ....................................................................................... 53
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work ........................................................................... 55
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………. 56
Appendix A: The RF results for first in-vitro experiment …….......…………………… 58
Appendix B: The RF results for second in-vitro experiment attach side cortical shell. 66

[1] H.J.Lee, I.S.Yeoand T.K.Kwon,"Removal Torque Analysis of Chemically Modified
Hydrophilic and Anodically Oxidized Titanium Implants with Constant Angular
Velocity for Early Bone Response in Rabbit Tibia,"Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine.10(5): pp. 252-259 (2013).
[2] R.Rotundo, M. Nieri, L. Briccoli, R. Barone and C. Clauser,"Radiographic
interpretation agreement in implant dentistry,"European Journal of Oral
Implantology.4(2): pp. 135-143 (2011).
[3] M.M.Bornstein, B. Al-Nawas, U. Kuchler and A. Tahmaseb,"Consensus Statements
and Recommended Clinical Procedures Regarding Contemporary Surgical and
Radiographic Techniques in Implant Dentistry,"International Journal of Oral &
Maxillofacial Implant.29: pp. 78-82 (2014).
[4] W.Schulte, B. Dhoedt, D. Lukas, M. Maunz and M. Steppeler,"Periotest for Measuring
Periodontal Characteristics - Correlation with Periodontal Bone Loss,"Journal of
Periodontal Research.27(3): pp. 184-190 (1992).
[5] H.H.Choi, C. H.Chung, S. G. Kim, and M. K. Son,"Reliability of 2 Implant Stability
Measuring Methods in Assessment of Various Periimplant Bone Loss: An In Vitro
Study With the Periotest and Osstell Mentor,"Implant Dentistry.23(1): pp. 51-56
(2014).
[6] J.S.Oh and S.G.Kim,"Clinical study of the relationship between implant stability
measurements using Periotest and Osstell mentor and bone quality assessment,"Oral
Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology.113(3): pp. E35-E40 (2012).
[7] M.Herrero-Climent, M. Albertini, J. V. Rios-Santos, P. Lazaro-Calvo, A.
Fernandez-Palacin and P. Bullon,"Resonance frequency analysis-reliability in third
generation instruments: Osstell mentor (R),"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia
Bucal.17(5): pp. E801-E806 (2012).
[8] M.Herrero-Climent, R. Santos-Garcia, R. Jaramillo-Santos, M. M. Romero-Ruiz, A.
Fernandez-Palacin , P. Lazaro-Calvo , P. Bullon and J. V. Rios-Santos ,"Assessment of
Osstell ISQ's reliability for implant stability measurement: A cross-sectional clinical
study,"Medicina Oral Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal.18(6): pp. E877-E882 (2013).
[9] R.Jaramillo, R. Santos, P. Lazaro, M. Romero, J. V. Rios-Santos, P. Bullon, A.
Fernandez-Palacin , M. Herrero-Climent ,"Comparative Analysis of 2 Resonance
Frequency Measurement Devices: Osstell Mentor and Osstell ISQ,"Implant
Dentistry.23(3): pp. 351-356 (2014).
[10] R.S.Snijders, A.J.van Wijk,and J.A.Lindeboom,"A comparative study of the Osstell
(TM) versus the Osstell Mentor (TM) to evaluate implant stability in human cadaver
mandibles,"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation.40(10): pp. 774-779 (2013).
57
[11] H.B.Zhuang, W. S. Tu, M. C. Pan, J. W. Wu, C. S. Chen, S. Y. Lee and Y. C.
Yang,"Non-contact Vibro-acoustic Detection Technique for Dental Osseointegration
Examination,"Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering.33(1): pp. 35-44 (2013).
[12] R.Vayron , E. Soffer, F. Anagnostou and G. Haiat, "Ultrasonic evaluation of dental
implant osseointegration,"Journal of Biomechanics.47(14): pp. 3562-3568 (2014).
[13] P.Arpaia, F.Clementeand A.Zanesco,"Low-invasive diagnosis of metallic prosthesis
osseointegration by electrical impedance spectroscopy,"IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement.56(3): pp. 784-789 (2007).
[14] M.Yamane, M. Yamaoka, M. Hayashi, I. Furutoyo, N. Komori and B.
Ogiso,"Measuring tooth mobility with a no-contact vibration device,"Journal of
Periodontal Research.43(1): pp. 84-89 (2008).
[15] T.Shin Chia, C.S.Chenand M.C. Pan, "Assessment of Dental Implantation
Osseointegration Through Electromagnetic Actuation and Detection,"Journal of
Medical Devices.8(3): pp. 030940 (2014).
[16] N. Meredith, L. Rasmussen, L. Sennerby, D. Alleyne, “Mapping implant stability by
resonance frequency analysis,” Journal of Medical Science Research. 24(3): pp.
191-193 (1996).
[17] U. A. Bakshi, V. U. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines – 1,”Technical Publications. pp. 532
(2009).
[18] William H. Hayt, Jr. Jack E. Kemmerly andSteven M. Durbin, “Engineering Circuit
Analysis,”McGraw-Hill, Indian International Ed.; 8th edition. pp. 880 (2011).
[19] S. G. Mallat, “A Wavelet tour of signal processing,”Academic Press. Ed.; 3th
edition.(1998)
[20] C. R. Nave. (2000). HyperPhysics. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.
gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
[21] Honeywell, HALL EFFECT SENSING AND APPLICATION: Honeywell Inc., 2013.
[22] J. T. Hsu, L. J. Fuh, M. G. Tu, Y. F. Li, K. T. Chen, H. L. Huang, “The effects of
cortical bone thickness and trabecular bone strength on noninvasive measures of the
implant primary stability using synthetic bone models,” Clinical implant dentistry and
related research. 15(2): pp. 251-61 (2013).