臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究實驗之初取澄清湖原水進行三種臭氧劑量O3/NPDOC =0、1及2，反應後數小時後，植入澄清湖之原生菌液，再利用蠕動幫浦將臭氧化原水導入循環式生物濾床，啟動濾床，操作數月後，使其具生物活性化及達成穩定化，除比較三種穩定後之生物濾床對醋酸鈉及草酸鈉分解能力之差異外，並利用螢光激發發射光譜圖進行濾床出水與濾床在不同深度之水相及附著濾料表面有機物性質之定性及定量，藉以瞭解不同有機物經生物濾床分解後，濾床出水中及濾床不同深度之有機物性質變化。
依實驗結果顯示，臭氧化生物濾床，初期(1天)對醋酸鈉碳之分解能力，O3/NPDOC=2明顯優於O3/NPDOC=0及1，但濾床操作6天時，差別並不明顯，並於在長期操作時 (13 days)，對醋酸鈉碳之去除，O3/NPDOC=1之生物濾床明顯因濾床內微生物有機物之釋出，降低其對醋酸鈉碳之去除，並低於O3/NPDOC=2之生物濾床，而三種生物濾床對草酸鈉之分解，在操作10天後，生物濾床出水之NPDOC值高於第6天，此表示生物濾床在長期操作下，濾床內微生物可釋出有機物，並可能導致有機物去除能力之下降。
生物濾床分解醋酸鈉後，濾床出水中之螢光激發發射光譜圖之波峰之發射波長為410-430 nm，而激發波長則是220-240 nm及310 nm為主。生物濾床分解草酸鈉之濾床出水中之螢光激發發射光譜圖，發射波長為410-430 nm，出現2個波峰之位置與生物濾床分解醋酸鈉之濾床出水相同。另一發射波長小於400 nm。O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=1濾床出水出現兩個波峰，但O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=2濾床出水出現1個波峰。生物濾床在分解草酸鈉及醋酸鈉碳時，主要之特徵波峰之螢光強度值均隨操作時間之增加而增加。
生物濾床分解醋酸鈉時，出水中有機物性質之平均螢光強度值(AFI)，以黃酸成份最高，而芳香族蛋白質與腐植酸接近；但生物濾床分解草酸鈉時，AFI值依序為黃酸、芳香族蛋白質與腐植酸。生物濾床分解醋酸鈉及草酸鈉至13天時，濾床在不同深度之水相及濾料表面之有機物性質，均呈現水相以黃酸為主，但濾料表面則以芳香族蛋白質為主。

The source water, Cheng Chin Lake (CCL), filtered by 0.2 µm membrane filter , was mixed with different ozone dosages to make the ratios of ozone to NPDOC (non-purgeable organic carbon) be 1 and 2 respectively. Then, the indigenous bacterium taken from CCL was put into the ozonated source water to make sure the bacterial number close to 103 cells/mL. Later, ozonated source water with microorganisms was transferred into a 5 L bottle wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid sunlight. It was draw into a chromatography packed with glass bead using peristaltic pump. The effluent from this filter was also collected using the collection bottle, and pumped into filter again. This process is called recirculated biofilter. Both biofilter systems were operated about 100 days to make it assure have biodegradability. In this study, the EEFMs (excitation emission fluorescent matrices) of the effluents from both stabilizing biofilters used to utilize the artificial water prepared by sodium acetate and sodium oxalate, were monitored for further understanding its organic properties. Of course, both parameters such as NPDOC (Non-purgeable organic carbon) and amino acids were measured in this study for getting more information about the effluents.
The biodegradability of acetate-C by ozonated biofilter with O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=2 was higher than by ozonated biofilter with O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=1 when the operation day was the first day. However, insignificant difference about the acetate-C removal was found between both ozonated biofilter when the operational day reached six days. After long operation of thirteen days, the biodegradability of acetate-C by ozonated biofilter with O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=1 also less than that by ozonated biofilter with O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=2 was attributed to more organic release from O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=1 than O3/(NPDOC of KHP)=1.
The EEFMs of effluent from ozonated biofilter decomposing the 5 mg-acetate C/L existed in two peak positions dominant in long emission wavelength of 410-430 nm and excitation respective wavelength of 220-240 nm and 310 nm. This phenomena also appeared in the EEFMs of the effluent from ozonated biofilter treating oxalate-C. Beside for the previous peak location appeared in the effluent from ozonzated biofilter treating oxalate-C, emission wavelength less than 400 nm, two peaks in EEFMs existed in biofilter with O3/NPDOC=1 while only one peak in EEFM appeared in O3/NPDOC=2. No matter what ozonated biofilter was used to decompose the acetate-C or oxalate-C, the intensity in the approximate peak location in EEFMs of the effluent was increased with the increase of operational days.
The average fluorescent intensity (AFI) for fulvic-like of the effluent from the biofilter decomposing sodium acetate is the largest, and those happened in the following aliphatic protein and humic-like had an equivalent content. However, The average fluorescent intensity (AFI) for fulvic-like of the effluent from the biofilter decomposing oxylate acetate was in order from large and small, fulvic-like, aliphatic protein, and least humic-like. The organic properties existed in bulk solution of the filters and the surface of filters were respectively dominiated by the fulvic-like and aliphatic protein whichever the sodium acetate or sodium oxalate was utilized by the ozonated biofilter till thirteen days. This is an interesting finding.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIV
壹、前言 1
一、 研究背景 1
二、 研究目的 3
貳、文獻回顧 4
一、 水體中有機物之性質 4
二、 生物可分解性有機質之評估方式 5
三、 生物膜之形成及對配水管網之影響 8
四、 兩種淨水程序對生物可分解性有機物之去除 10
(一)混凝程序 10
(二)生物濾床 11
五、影響生物濾床穩定性之操作因素 13
(一)臭氧與有機物之相關性 14
(二)生物濾床種類 15
六、 後生長之問題及控制 17
(一)後生長 17
(二)影響因子 19
(三)控制 20
七、 螢光光譜儀 (EEFM)之應用 21
八、 環境微生物分生技術之應用 22
(一)16S rDNA的特性與應用 23
(二)聚合酶連鎖反應(PCR) 24
(三)變性梯度膠體電泳(DGGE) 25
參、實驗材料與方法 27
一、 研究流程與規劃 27
二、生物濾床訓養之操作系統 29
三、 臭氧反應系統及操作 29
四、 基質更換之步驟 31
五、 生物性參數分析 31
(一)總菌及活菌之測定 31
(二)電子顯微鏡( Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) 32
(三)DNA之萃取 33
(四)利用PCR增殖16S rDNA片段 33
(五) Agarose Gel Method 35
(六)膠體中DNA回收純化 35
(七)變性梯度膠體電泳 36
(八)SYBR green I 染色與膠體拍攝與分析統計 37
(九)Ligation 37
(十)Transformation 38
(十一)菌相序列之比對 38
六、 化學性參數分析 39
(一)非揮發性之溶解性有機碳(NPDOC) 39
(二)有機物分子量大小 39
(三)醣類 40
(四)胺基酸 40
(五)螢光激發與發射光譜圖（EEFM） 43
肆、結果與討論 45
一、 人工基質經生物濾床分解後出水中有機碳量及有機物性質 45
(一)不同臭氧化穩定後之生物濾床對草酸鈉及醋酸鈉之分解 45
(二)不同臭氧化穩定後之生物濾床對草酸鈉及醋酸鈉之分解後出水中之螢光激發發射光譜圖 49
(三)不同臭氧化穩定後之生物濾床對草酸鈉及醋酸鈉之分解後出水中之同步掃描圖 55
(四)以平均螢光強度值評估生物濾床出水中有機物性質 59
二、 不同深度之生物濾床在水相及濾料表面之有機物性質 66
(一)草酸鈉及醋酸鈉經生物濾床分解後，不同深度水相及濾料表面之螢光激發發射光譜圖 66
(二) 以平均螢光強度值評估穩定後生物濾床水相及濾料表面有機物性質之變化 72
(三)不同深度濾料與水相之菌相SEM觀測 83
(四)不同深度之微生物 genomic DNA萃取 88
(五) DGGE電泳分析與比對 91
伍、結論 97
陸、參考文獻 98

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