臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

我國在2013年通過濕地保育法，乃濕地保護下的一大進步，藉由明智地利用濕地資源與開發迴避、衝擊減輕及生態補償等機制，達到迴避、最小化和補償性緩解因開發對濕地資源造成的不利影響。
身為海島國家，濕地生態零碎，限制濕地保育機制的發展，此外，經濟快速發展的壓力下，我國立法者藉由濕地補償緩解措施之機制，抵換未來可能失去的水域生態資源之功能和面積。臺灣雖然不是蘭莎公約的締約方，但國內對保護濕地生態系的決心和努力不容忽視。然而，我們縱使承認濕地補償緩解措施可能有助於臺灣濕地生態系的保護，但新法的困境，以及濕地緩解銀行(Mitigation Banking)未來進入我國濕地保育政策中修法的合法性、適當性之建議，將是本文欲探討的部分。因此，如何在我們自己的濕地管理政策找到適合我國的環境生態下緩解影響方法，以及氣候變遷相關議題的綜合性討論，持續發展我國寶貴的濕地資源，將是未來共許的重要目標。

Taiwan passed its Wetland Conservation Act in 2013. It is a great improvement on conserving and wisely using wetland resources in Taiwan. This new Act adopted the mechanisms of wise use, avoiding, compensation mitigation and offset to prevent, minimize and mitigate the adverse impacts causing by developing of the wetland resources.
Taiwan is an island country and rugged mountain occupied long strip from North to South, which limits the space and development of wetlands. Therefore, the utilization of wetland resources shall be careful and follow the wise use concept properly to avoid, minimize and compensate the mitigation of wetlands. Under the pressure of rapid economic development, the first mission of the legislators is taking the measures of wetland compensatory mitigation to replace the lost aquatic resource function and acreage. Although Taiwan is not member of the Ramsar Convention, it is one of the most imperative spots for the migrate species. His determination and efforts to protect the wetland ecosystem could not be ignored. In the new Wetland Conservation Act, the legislators adopted the wetland mitigation sequence from the U.S Clean Water Act but failed to formulate the implementation on compensatory mitigation comprehensively. Once we admitted the wetland compensatory mitigation measures could contribute to the protection of wetland ecosystem. The recognition on the types and size of wetlands in Taiwan are totally different from the U.S. is important. Therefore, this article introduces the dilemma and provides applicable suggestions on suitable and feasible rules on wetland compensatory mitigation, inter alia, mitigation banking into the future modification on Wetland Act. How to mitigate the adverse impacts is worth to encourage in our own wetland management policy. This article will also provide effective and feasible recommendations to our government for conserving and sustainable developing the precious wetland resources in Taiwan.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機及目的 1
第一項 研究動機 2
第二項 研究目的 4
第二節 研究方法與文獻回顧 5
第一項 研究方法 5
第二項 文獻回顧 5
第三節 研究範圍與限制 9
第四節 論文架構與名詞定義 11
第一項 論文架構 11
第二項 名詞定義 12
第二章 國際公約與美國關於濕地生態系法律規範之發展 15
第一節 國際層級之濕地生態規範：蘭莎公約 17
第一項 蘭莎公約成立前 17
第二項 蘭莎公約 18
第三項 小結 29
第二節 國家層級濕地規範：美國 30
第一項 濕地政策 31
第二項 濕地之定義 32
第三項 清潔水法第404條下的緩解措施 37
第四項 小結 49
第三節 近年蘭莎公約對明智利用等概念之沿革 50
第一項 明智利用 51
第二項 零淨損失之政策 53
第三項 緩解程序 54
第四項 緩解程序與碳儲存 58
第五項 小結 61
第三章 濕地抵換、濕地補償性緩解措施與濕地交易 63
第一節 環境抵換、濕地抵換與濕地補償緩解 65
第一項 抵換 65
第二項 小結 72
第二節 濕地補償性緩解措施之濕地緩解銀行機制 74
第一項 緩解銀行規定的沿革 76
第二項 緩解銀行機制之目的 81
第三項 緩解銀行計畫之審查程序 81
第四項 緩解銀行之優點 87
第五項 生態系服務的重要性 88
第六項 小結 92
第四章 我國濕地管理相關法制檢討與建議 95
第一節 濕地保育法通過前我國濕地管理之相關法規 96
第二節 濕地保育法 97
第一項 簡介立法內容 97
第二項 濕地保育法之缺漏 106
第三項 小結 108
第三節 我國開發迴避、衝擊減輕及生態補償 108
第一項 我國開發迴避、衝擊減輕及生態補償制度之立法介紹 108
第二項 我國濕地保育法第二十七條之濕地緩解程序 111
第三項 小結 124
第五章 結論與建議 127
參考文獻 132
附件 148

一、中文部分
(一) 論文
林柏亦，大型海藻龍鬚菜應用於鹹水行人工濕地廢水處理可行性之研究，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系研究所，碩士論文，2010年7月。
林玉紳，以生態系觀念為基礎的濕地政策研究，國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所，碩士論文，2010年7月。
盛玄，濕地生物多樣性國際法制之研究，國立臺灣海洋大學海洋法律研究所，碩士論文，2010年6月。
鄭心玥，以國際氣候法制與政策探我國植林法規，南台科技大學財經法律研究所碩士論文，2011年1月。
(二) 期刊
周訓芳，濕地保護的主流化與濕地法律制度的生態化，華東政法大學學報，2010卷1期，2010年1月。
方偉達、趙淑德，濕地公益信託及補償銀行機制之建立，土地問題研究季刊，卷24期，2007年12月。
林士甫，羅姆薩公約簡介，臺灣濕地雜誌，第49期，2004年8月。
陳淑芳，國會改革五法實施之成效與檢討，月旦法學，第85期，2002年7月。
(三) 政府資料
(司法院)大法官釋字第432號。
中華民國總統府，〈國家公園法〉，《總統府公報》，第2429號，1972年6月14日。
中華民國總統府，〈文化資產保存法〉，《總統府公報》，第3986號，1982年5月26日。
中華民國總統府，〈森林法〉，《總統府公報》，第4542號，1985年12月13日，華總一義字第09300008131號。
中華民國總統府，〈森林法〉，《總統府公報》，第4542號，1985年12月13日。
中華民國總統府，〈水土保持法〉，《總統府公報》，第5875號，1994年5月27日，83華總(一)義字第2845號。
中華民國總統府，〈漁業法〉，《總統府公報》，第6468號，2002年6月19日，華總一義字第09100120990號。
中華民國總統府，〈濕地保育法〉，《總統府公報》，第7093號，2013年7月3日，華總一義字第10200127201號。
中華民國總統府，〈環境影響評估法〉，《總統府公報》，第5966號，1994年12月30日。
中華民國總統府，〈立法院職權行使法〉，《總統府公報》，第6927號，2010年6月15日，華總一義字第09900146491號。
中華民國總統府，〈野生動物保育法〉，《總統府公報》，第5105號，1989年6月23日。
立法院公報，第101卷第83期。
立法院公報，第102卷第46期。
(四) 網站資料
全國重要濕地導覽，國家重要濕地保育計畫，http://wetland-tw.tcd.gov.tw/WetLandWeb/wetland.php?ctid=16 (最後瀏覽日：10/26/2013)
國家重要濕地保育計畫（100-105年）核定本，2010年7月1 日院臺建字第 0990034700 號函核定，內政部，2010年 7月。http://wetland-tw.tcd.gov.tw/drupal/sites/default/files/100-105%20wetland%20plan.pdf (最後瀏覽日：6/18/2013)
國家重要濕地導覽手冊，內政部營建署，aviable at http://wetland-tw.tcd.gov.tw/WetLandWeb/publish-info.php?id=118 (最後瀏覽日：6/18/2013)
自然保護區域總表，行政院農委會林務局自然保育網，http://conservation.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=3012&CtNode=758&mp=10 (最後瀏覽日： 8/25/2013)
(五) 其他資料
「重要濕地開發迴避、衝擊減輕與生態補償機制計畫」期中報告書，內政部營建署城鄉發展分屬，2013年3月。
100年度濕地保育法及相關法令制度研擬作業，內政部營建署城鄉發展分署，2011年1月。
101年度濕地保育法及相關法令制度研擬作業(第三期)，內政部營建署城鄉發展分署，2012年2月。
濕地保育法及相關法令制度研擬作業100年結案報告，內政部營建署城鄉發展署，2010年2月。
方偉達，濕地公益信託與生態補償，第四屆臺灣濕地生態系研討會論文集，2013年5月。
任秀慧、薛美莉、林幸助，探討歐盟濕地補償法：我們臺灣如何從中得啟示，第四屆臺灣濕地生態系研討會論文集，2013年5月。
何彥陞，濕地生態衝擊彌補法制研擬的難題，第四屆臺灣濕地生態系研討會論文集，2013年5月。
林幸助等，濕地生態系生物多樣性監測系統標準作業程序，行政院農委會特有生物保育中心，初版，2009年。
二、外文部分
(一) 專書
Kim Diana Connolly, Stephen M. Johnson, Douglas R. Williams, Wetlands Law and Policy: Understanding Section 404, (2005).
(二) 期刊
Adrienne M. Sakyi, Mitigation Banking: Is State Assumption of Permitting Authority More Effective? 34 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. 1027, (2010).
Bonnie Malloy, Symbolic gestures or our saving grace: the relevance of compensatory mitigation for Florida's wetlands in the climate change era, 27:1 FLA.ST.U.J.LAND USE & ENVTL. L. (2013).
Dustin J. Edwards, Wetland mitigation banking: is the current system beyond repair? 16 Tul. Envtl. L.J. 445, (2003).
Fred Bosselman, Swamp Swaps: the “Second Nature” of Wetlands, 39 Envtl. L. 577, (2009).
J.B. Ruhl; James Salzman; Iris Goodman, Implementing the new ecosystem services mandate of the section 404 compensatory mitigation program--a catalyst for advancing science and policy, 38 Stetson L. Rev. 251, (2009).
Joanna D. Malaczynski; Timothy P. Duane, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Vehicle Miles Traveled: Integrating The California Environmental Quality Act With The California Global Warming Solu Tions Act, 36 Ecology L.Q. 71, (2009).
Margaret “Peggy” Strand and Lowell M. Rothschild, What Wetlands are Regulated? Jurisdiction of the 404 Program, 40 ELR 10372, (2010).
Michael G. Le Desma, A Sound of Thunder: Problems and Prospects in Wetland Mitigation banking, 19 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 497, (1994).
Morgan Robertson and Palmer Hough, Wetlands Regulation: The Case of Limitation Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, 17 Ecology and Management, (2009).
田中謙，「湿地保全をめぐる法システムと今後の課題」，長崎大学経済学部，経済学の年次レビュー，2008年3月。
(三) 法案、指令與規則
Council Directive 79/409/EEC, art. 3, 1979,O.J. (L 103) 4.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC, art. 3, 1992 O.J. (L 206) 6.
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq (1973).
Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 70, Thursday, April 10, 2008, Rules and Regulations, Part II Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, 33 CFR Parts 325 and 332; Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 230, Compensatory Mitiagation for Losses of Aquatic Resources; Final Rule, at 19618.
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 16 U.S.C. 661 et seq. (1934).
Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, 16 U.S.C. 715 et seq.; 45 Stat. 1222 (1929).
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1934, 16 U.S.C. 718-718j, 48 Stat. 452 (1934).
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, 16 U.S.C. §§ 703–712 (1918).
Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899, 33 U.S.C. §403 et seq. (1899).
Swamp Land Acts, 16 U.S.C. 715k-3 - 715k-5; 75 Stat. 813 (1850).
(四) 法院判決
Alameda Water and Sanitation District v. Reilly 930 F. Supp. 488, 493 (D. Colo. 1996).
Conservation Law Foundation v. Federal Highway Admin, 24 F.3d 1465 (1st Cir. 1994).
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Callaway, 5 ELR 20285 No. 74-1242, 392 F. Supp. 685/7 ERC 1784/(D.D.C., 03/27/1975)
Solid Waste Agency of N. Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Eng'rs, 531 U.S. 159 121 S. Ct. 675; 148 L. Ed. 2d 576; 2001 U.S..
Town of Norfolk and Town of Walpole v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 968 F.2d 1438 (1st Cir. 1992)
(五) 國際公約
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (“CBD”), June 5, 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, ATS 32 / 1760 UNTS 79 / 31 ILM 818 (1992).
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, Ramsar (Iran), Feb. 2, 1971, 996 U.N.T.S. 245, 11 I.L.M. 969 (enter into force Dec. 21, 1975).
United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”), May 9 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, 31 I.L.M. 849 (1992) (entered into force Mar. 21, 1994)
(六) 蘭莎公約決議與文件
12th Meeting of the Scientific and Technical Review Panel, Convention on Wetlands, (2005).
DOC. 36: Creating a global approach to avoiding, minimizing and offsetting wetland loss, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
DOC. 25: Additional Information on Climate Change and Wetlands Issues, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
DOC. 27: Avoiding, mitigating, and compensating for loss and degradation of wetlands in national laws and policies, 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2012).
DOC. 6: Report of the Chair of the Scientific & Technical Review Panel (STRP), 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2012).
Ramsar Convention Secretariat, The Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands, Laws and institutions: Reviewing laws and institutions to promote the conservation and wise use of wetlands, 4th edition, (4th ed., 2010).
Ramsar Convention Secretariat, The Ramsar Convention Manual: a guide to the Convention on Wetlands, 6th edition, (6th ed., 2013).
Recommendation 1.5: National Wetland Inventories, the 1st Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1980).
Recommendation 2.3: Framework for Implementing the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 2nd Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (1984).
Recommendation 3.1: Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance and guidelines for their use, the 3rd Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1987).
Recommendation 3.3: Wise use of wetland, the 3rd Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1987).
Recommendation 4.10: Guidelines for the implementation of the wise use concept, 4th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1990).
Resolution 5.6: The wise use of wetlands, 5th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (1993).
Resolution VI.11: Consolidation of Recommendations and Resolutions of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (1996).
Resolution VII.21: Compensation for lost wetland habitats and other functions, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, 1 (1999).
Recommendation 7.1: A global action plan for the wise use and management of peatlands, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1999).
Resolution VII.24: Compensation for lost wetland habitats and other functions, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1999).
Recommendation 4.10: Guidelines for the implementation of the wise use concept, 4th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (1990)
Resolution IX.1 Annex A: A Conceptual Framework for the wise use of wetlands and the maintenance of their ecological character, 9th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2005).
Resolution IX.1: A Conceptual Framework for the wise use of wetlands and the maintenance of their ecological character, 9th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2005).
Resolution IX.1: Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Convention on Wetlands, 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (2005).
Resolution VIII.3: On Climate change and wetlands: impacts, adaptation and mitigation, 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2002).
Resolution X.10: to develop guidance on mitigation of andcompensation for losses of wetland area and wetland values, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.12: Principles for partnerships between the Ramsar Convention and the business sector, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.16: A Framework for processes of detecting, reporting and responding to change in wetland ecological character, 10th meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.17 (Annex) (2008): Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment: updated scientific and technical guidance, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.19: Wetlands and river basin management: consolidated scientific and technical guidance, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.24: Climate change and wetlands, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.25: Wetlands and “biofuels”, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution X.26: Wetlands and extractive industries, 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2008).
Resolution XI.14: Climate change and wetlands: implications for the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2012).
Resolution XI.9: An Integrated Framework and guidelines for avoiding, mitigating and compensating for wetland losses, 11th meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (2012).
Strategic Framework for the List, Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), Third edition, as adopted by Resolution VII.11 (COP7, 1999) and amended by Resolutions VII.13 (1999), VIII.11 and VIII.33 (COP8, 2002), IX.1 Annexes A and B (COP9, 2005), and X.20 (COP10, 2008), (2009).
Strategic plan 1997-2002, 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands, (1996).
STRP work plan 2009-2012 – Updated March 2010, DOC. SC41‐26 Add. 1, (2010).
(七) UNFCCC相關文件
Decision 2/CP. 13, Reducing Emission from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action, FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, (2008).
IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan, IPCC-XXXIII/Doc. 7, 33th, (2011).
UNFCCC, Report Of The Conference Of The Parties, Fourth Session, Buenos Aires, Nov. 2 - 14, 1998, Decision 9/CP.4, Land-use, land-use change and forestry, FCCC/CP/1998/16/Add.1, (Jan. 25 1998).
(八) 其他相關報告
Bird International, Position paper of the Birds and Habitats Directives Task Force on Biodiversity Offsets in the European Union, (2010).
Bruce McKenney, Environmental Offset Policies, Principles, and Methods: A Review of Selected Legislative Frameworks, Biodiveristy Neutral Initiative, (2005).
Dave Pritchard, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD), the link with wetlands, Foundation for International Environmental law and development (FIELD), (2009).
J.B. Ruhl, Alan Glen, and David Hartman, A Practical Guide to Habitat Conservation Banking Law and Policy, Natural Resources & Environment, American Bar Association, Vol. 20, Number 1, (2005).
Juha Siikamaki, Jeffrey Ferris, and Clayton Munnings, Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Offsets, Resources for the Future, (2012).
Richard Reppert, National Wetland Mitigation Banking Study: Wetlands Mitigation Banking Concepts, Institute for Water Resources Water Resources Support Center U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Alexandria, (1992).
Steve Gatewood, Disney Banks on Mitigation, 17 National Welands Newsletter, (1995).
三、網路參考資料
Alain Lambert, The Convention on Wetlands: an Active Player in the Fight against Poverty, (2002), available at http://www.unep.ch/etb/events/events2002/11Nov2002/11NovRamsar.pdf (last visited date: Jun. 11, 2013)
Australia, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act Environmental Offsets Policy, (2012), available at http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/epbc-act-environmental-offsets-policy (last visited date: Oct. 31, 2013)
International Affairs, U.S. Fish & Widelife Service, available at http://www.fws.gov/international/wildlife-without-borders/ramsar-wetlands-convention.html (last visited date: Apr. 27, 2013)
IPCC, Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, 4.4.6., Wetlands Management, available at http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/land_use/196.htm (last visited date: Jun. 18, 2013)
IUCN, Urgent Need to Focus on Wetlands as Natural Solutions to Global Water Crisis, (2013), available at http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/all_news_by_theme/water_news/?11840/Urgent-need-to-focus-on-wetlands-as-natural-solutions-to-global-water-crisis (last visited date: Apr. 23, 2013)
Juha Siikamaki, Jeffrey Ferris, and Clayton Munnings, Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Offsets, Resources for the Future, (2012), available at http://www.rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-Bck-LULUCF.pdf (last visited date: Nov. 24, 2013)
Luiz Gustavo Escorcio Bezerra, Biodiversity Offsets in National (Brazil) and Regional (EU) Mandatory Arrangements: Towards an International Regime? UCL Department of Laws, (2006), available at http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_528.pdf (last visited date: Oct. 31, 2013)
President Council on Environmental Quality, Conserving America’s Wetlands Implementing the President’s Goal, Executive office of the Washington, (2005), available at http://www.usda.gov/documents/NewsReleases/2005/04/conserve.pdf (last visited date: Oct. 31, 2013)
U.S. EPA, Section 404 Permitting, avaiable at http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/cwa/dredgdis/ (last visited date: May 1, 2013)
UNEP, UNEP’s Marine and Coastal Programme within the UN family, available at http://www.unep.org/ecosystemmanagement/Portals/7/Documents/factsheets/M&C%20One%20UN%20FactSheet%20web.pdf (last visited date: Nov. 2, 2013)
UNWWAP, Water for People, Water for Life, United Nations World Water Assessment Programme, (2003), available at http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/protecting_ecosystems.shtml (last visited date: Apr. 23, 2013)
US EPA, Federal Guidance for the Establishment, Use and Operation of Mitigation Banks, Notice Federal Register: November 28, Vol. 60, (1995), available at, http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/mitbankn.cfm (last visted date: May. 6, 2013)
US EPA, Memorandum of Agreement, Between The Department of the Army and The Environmental Protection Agency, available at http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/mitigate.cfm#1 (last view: May, 6, 2013)
US EPA, The Determination of Mitigation under the Clean Water Act Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines, Memorandum of Agreement, Between The Department of the Army and The Environmental Protection Agency, available at http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/mitigate.cfm (last visted date: May 4, 2013)
What are wetlands? Ramsar Information Paper No.1, The Ramsar Info Pack, (2007), available at http://persona.uk.com/A21Ton/Core_dox/J/J1.pdf (last visited date: Aug. 11. 2013)
White House Office on Environmental, Policy, Protecting America's wetlands: A Fair, Flexible, and Effective Approach, (1993), available at http://www.wetlands.com/fed/aug93wet.htm. (last vistied date: Nov. 13, 2013)
(一) 蘭莎公約官方網站:
A brief history of the Ramsar Convention, The Ramsar Convention on Wetland, available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-about-ramsar/main/ramsar/1-36%5E7687_4000_0__ (last visited date: Apr. 27, 2013)
About the Ramsar Convention, The Ramsar Convention on Wetland, available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-about-ramsar/main/ramsar/1-36%5E7687_4000_0__ (last visited date: Nov.2, 2013)
Classification System for Wetland Type, The Ramsar Convention definition of "wetland" and classification system for wetland type, aviable at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76%5E21235_4000_0__(last visited date: Jun. 14, 2013)
Davis, T. J., Towards the Wise Use of Wetlands, Wise Use Project, Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland, (1993), available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-books-towards-wise-use-of-21381/main/ramsar/1-30-101%5E21381_4000_0__#c1 (last visited date: Apr. 23, 2013)
Information on wise use of wetlands specified under Article 3 of the Ramsar Convention, Definition of wise use, the 3rd Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties, (1987), available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-information-on-wise-use/main/ramsar/1-31-107%5E23129_4000_0__ (last visited date: Jun. 14, 2013)
Prof Nick Davidson, The Ramsar Convention, carbon storage science & wetland offsets, CBD COP10, (2010); UNFCCC COP, Cancun, (2010), available at http://wetcarbon.earthmind.net/files/Ramsar-Cancun-WetCarbon-side-event-Dec-2010.pdf (last visited date: Nov. 23, 2013)
Ramsar Convention website, available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ (last visited date: Aug. 11. 2013)
Ramsar site no. 347. The Annotated Ramsar List: United States of America, most recent RIS information, (1992), avaibale at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-list-usa/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15774_4000_0__ (last visited date: Apr. 27, 2013)
Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Convention on Wetlands, Resolution IX.1 Annex A, (2005), available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-guidelines-strategic-framework-and/main/ramsar/1-31-105%5E20823_4000_0__ (last visited date: Jun. 14, 2013)
The Ramsar Convention and its mission, available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-mission/main/ramsar/1-36-53_4000_0__ (last visited date: Jun. 11, 2013)
UNEP, WCMC, UNEP Support for the harmonization of national reporting and information management for biodiversity-related treaties, Information paper to support discussion on Partnerships and synergies with Multilateral Environmental Agreements and other institutions, document Ramsar COP8 – DR 5, (2010), available at http://www.unep-wcmc.org/medialibrary/2010/11/03/f27b28ad/4Ramsar_info_paper-1.pdf (last visited date: Nov. 5, 2013)
What are the "three pillars" of the Convention? The Ramsar Convention on Wetland, available at http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-faqs-what-are-three/main/ramsar/1-36-37%5E7722_4000_0__ (last visited date: Jun. 14, 2013)
(二) 研討會論文集與其他
Chris Shea, Tampa Bay Water, Wetland Hydrologic Recovery Following a Reduction in Groundwater Pumping, Wetland Resources and Regulation in a Changing World What Have We Learned? Tampa, Florida, (2013).
Daniela Russi, Patrick ten Brink, Andrew Farmer and Tomas Badura, David Coates, Johannes Forster, Ritesh Kumar and Nick Davidson, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) & Ramsar Secretariat, (2013).
US Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, Part III: Characteristics and Indicators of Hydrophytic Vegetation, Hydric Soils, and Wetland Hydrology, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service (SCS) 1985, as amended by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS), December, (1986).
Dominique Blain, Clark Row, Jukka Alm, Kenneth Byrne, and Faizal Parish, et al., 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), (2006).