王仲凱(2008)。新時尚運動-攀岩。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,7(2),頁 249-254。王伯宇(2003)。攀岩運動型態之分析與比較。大專體育,66,頁 62-68。王伯宇、吳勤榮、潘寶石(2006)。大學院校學生對攀岩課程滿意度與再參與態度之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,5,頁 86-95。王聖文(2016)。從衝浪者參與歷程探究其對海岸環境的態度與行為。台灣體育運動管理學報,16(2),頁 105-130。
交通部觀光局(2007)。中華民國96年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/search/scidown/13675交通部觀光局(2012)。中華民國101年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/search/scidown/13707交通部觀光局(2015)。中華民國103年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/search/scidown/13716交通部觀光局(2016)。中華民國104年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20160810/5edad339-d16f-4933-982d-9c90c72f5739.pdf
交通部觀光局(2017)。中華民國105年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自:http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20170630/cee402f0-9163-4282-9818-8bd82f42ac69.pdf
朱笠瑄(2003)。東北角海岸攀岩冒險遊憩活動之研究。朝陽科技大學,休閒事業管理研究所碩士論文。何中達(1999)。我國攀岩運動的發展。台灣山岳,26,頁 48-49。
何中達(2001)。談登山精神與現代登山運動。中華民國健行登山會網站。2017年8月。取自:http://www.alpineclub.org.tw/front/bin/ptdetail.phtml?Part=H_20110420-20&Category=127
何中達(2002)。攀岩運動的現況與展望。運動管理,2,頁 25-29。
吳宗瓊、楊俊傑(2009)。線上遊戲遊憩參與及成癮關係之探討-遊憩專門化觀點。休閒與遊憩研究,3(1),頁 31-64。吳忠宏(2006)。生態旅遊知覺、態度與行為之因果關係研究:以荒野保護協會會員為例。造園景觀學報,12(3),頁 41-62。吳科驊(2006)。登山健行者休閒參與動機,持續涉入,休閒效益與幸福感之相關研究。國立台灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。吳崇旗(2009)。無痕山林(LNT)準則融入登山教育課程對環境態度之影響研究。體育學報,42(1),頁 69-82。吳崇旗、王偉琴、周靈山(2009)。建構以無痕山林準則為架構之戶外環境行為量表。休閒產業管理學刊,2(1),頁 14-27。吳崇旗、吳昀昌、王柏宇(2015)。台灣百岳登山者遊憩專門化與環境態度之關係研究。人文社會科學研究,9(1),頁 66-88。
吳崇旗、巫昌陽、王偉琴(2012)。高屏地區郊山登山健行者遊憩專門化對其環境行為之影響。休閒事業研究,10(1),頁 60-72。
李思屏、林晏州(2001)。遊客對生態旅遊之環境態度與行爲關係之研究-以關渡自然公園爲例。戶外遊憩研究,14(3),頁 15-36。李素馨(1994)。典型相關分析-專業程度,遊憩動機和基地屬性認知關係之探討。戶外遊憩研究,7(3),頁 39-62。沈廣城(2002)。國小學童環境知識、環境態度與環境行為之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。周少凱、許舒婷(2010)。大學生環境認知、環境態度與環境行為之研究。嶺東學報,27,頁 85-113。林文和(2002)。山難原因與預防。2002國家公園登山服務與管理研討會論文集。雪霸國家公園管理處。
林玫君(2003)。日本帝國主義下的台灣登山活動。國立台灣師範大學體育學系研究所博士論文。林玫君(2006)。從探險到休閒-日治時期台灣登山活動之歷史圖像。臺北市:博揚文化。
林玫君(2008)。台灣登山一百年。臺北市:玉山社。
林俊成、王培蓉、陳麗琴、林裕仁(2008)。環境態度類型對森林生態系服務重要性認知之研究。台灣林業科學,23(Supplement),頁 S51-62。
林擎天、梁鳳紋(2003)。生態旅遊者環境態度與環境行為對生態旅遊知覺之影響-以玉山國家公園為例。第五屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會。臺中市:中華民國戶外遊憩學會。
侯錦雄、郭彰仁(1998)。公園遊客之環境態度與不當行為管理策略認同之關係。戶外遊憩研究,11(4),頁 17-42。柳立偉(2014)。攀岩運動參與動機對阻礙因素影響之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊,13(2),頁 72-81。洪大用、肖晨阳(2007)。环境关心的性别差异分析。社会学研究,2,頁 111-135。
洪慎憶、凌德麟(1995)。影響遊客對生態旅遊態度因子之探討-以陽明山國家公園為例。戶外遊憩研究,8(3),頁 103-128。孫昱倫(2009)。線上遊戲玩家遊憩專門化與認真性休閒關係之研究。靜宜大學觀光事業學系研究所碩士論文。翁孟宏(2012)。冒險性活動參與動機與休閒效益之研究-以亞洲大學學生夜衝為例。逢甲大學土地管理學系研究所碩士論文。區忠揚(2007)。登山者特性對登山風險知覺影響之研究-以能高越嶺國家步道為例。世新大學觀光學系研究所碩士論文。張子超(1995)。環保教師對新環境典範態度分析。環境教育季刊。張子超(2003)。永續發展研究中融入九年一貫課程之新環境典範的內涵概念。全球變遷通訊雜誌,38,頁 11-16。張孝銘(2006)。登山冒險遊憩行為模式之研究。國立台灣體育學院體育研究所博士論文。張怡萱、林喻東、鄧書麟、劉癸君(2011)。新環境典範態度與負責任環境行為關係之探討—以嘉義樹木園的遊客為例。林業研究季刊,33(2),頁 13-27。曹勝雄、林濰榕(2011)。冒險遊憩中的挑戰來源。戶外遊憩研究,24(1),頁 57-82。梁英文、曹勝雄(2007)。認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係:遊憩專門化扮演的角色。戶外遊憩研究,20(3),頁 1-24。梁峰豪(2009)。登山者遊憩專門化、環境態度與場所依戀關係之研究—以向陽山—三叉山—嘉明湖國家步道為例。國立澎湖科技大學觀光休閒事業管理研究所碩士論文。
許辰維(2004)。以計畫行為理論探討冒險性遊憩活動參與者之行為意向-以登山活動為例。靜宜大學觀光事業學系研究所碩士論文。陳玠穎、歐聖榮(2002)。攀岩者之遊憩動機與環境屬性偏好關係之研究。中華民國戶外遊憩學會第四屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會。頁 159-170。
雪霸國家公園(2017)。雪霸國家公園生態保護區登山路線分級入園申請規定。取自:https://www.google.com.tw/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjsioSf7erVAhVHpJQKHSEPDLcQFggvMAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spnp.gov.tw%2FFile.aspx%3Flang%3D1%26uid%3DXVrKDOYlJ%252BM%253D&usg=AFQjCNG_-fxhazeRbIGtpk7Ron6Y92lJgQ
賀力行、鐘政偉、陳桓敦(2005)。應用冒險模型探討飛行傘活動參與者行為之研究。觀光研究學報,11(4),頁 275-300。
黃文雄、黃芳銘、游森期、田育芬、吳忠宏(2009)。新環境典範量表之驗證與應用。環境教育研究,6(2),頁 49-76。黃金柱(2006)。運動觀光導論。臺北市:師大書苑。
黃國維(2007)。細說攀岩類型(抱石VS上攀,運動攀登VS傳統攀登)。山野釣遊雜誌(15)。
黃淑君(2010)。玉山國家公園登山客與管理者對高海拔登山風險知覺之比較。國家公園學報,20(4),頁 23-32。黃瓊逸(2015)。探討社頂自然公園遊客之遊憩動機、環境態度及遊憩衝擊知覺之關係。國立中興大學森林學系研究所碩士論文。詹前志(2005)。以遊憩專業化程度區隔人工攀岩場使用者之研究。世新大學觀光研究所碩士論文。靳知勤(1994)。國民中學師生環境知識、環境態度與環境行為間關係之研究。科學教育學刊,2(2),頁 143-158。劉明全、高俊雄、鄭憲成(2003)。高山登山風險認知與休閒教育關係之研究。第七屆全國大專院校登山運動研討會論文集,頁 57-58。
歐陽慧真、侯錦雄(2002)。臺南縣七股地區生態旅遊現象與遊客行爲。旅遊健康學刊,2(1),頁 1-20。
歐雙磐、侯錦雄(2007)。登山者遊憩專門化與登山類型偏好。戶外遊憩研究,20(4),頁 51-74。潘振彰、張淑君、王佩渝、陳筱琪、吳佳芳、陳永杰(2012)。登山者參與動機及安全管理關係之研究。運動與遊憩研究,7(2),頁 1-17。蔡志弘(2005)。新環境典範量表與新生態典範量表於預測環境行為意向上之研究。國立花蓮師範學院生態與環境教育研究所碩士論文。蔡瑋庭(2010)。不同專門化程度攀岩者環境支應性感受與心流體驗之研究。東海大學景觀學系研究所碩士論文。鄭育雄、李英弘、葉源鎰(2005)。遊憩專門化衡量指標之研究-以自行車活動為例。靜宜大學觀光事業學系研究所碩士論文。蕭文偉、張淑君、陳潔音、王亞男(2013)。不同環境態度類型民眾的樹木保護認知研究。林業研究季刊,35(1),頁 33-45。Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Ajzen, I. (1991). Organizational behavior and human decision processes. Theories of Cognitive Self-Regulation, 50(2), pp. 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
Andrews, C. J., Durvasula, S., & Akhter, S. H. (1990). A framework for conceptualizing and measuring the involvement construct in advertising research. Journal of Advertising, 19(4), pp. 27-40.
Bentler, P. M., & Speckart, G. (1981). Attitudes cause behavior: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, pp. 226-238.
Bentley, T. A., Page, S. J., & Laird, I. S. (2001). Accidents in the New Zealand adventure tourism industry. Safety Science, 38(1), pp. 31-48.
Bentz, J., Lopes, F., Calado, H., & Dearden, P. (2016). Managing marine wildlife tourism activities: Analysis of motivations and specialization levels of divers and whale watchers. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, pp. 74-83.
Bissing-Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2013). Relationships between daily affect and pro-environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro-environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(2), pp. 156-175.
Bricker, K. S., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2000). Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists. Leisure Sciences, 22, pp. 233-257.
Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value system and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3), pp. 174-187.
Bryan, H. (1979). Conflict in the great outdoors: Toward understanding and managing for diverse user Preferences. (No. 4). Bureau of Public Administration, University of Alabama.
Bryan, H. (2000). Recreation specialization revisited. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), pp. 18-21.
Burgess, J., Harrison, C. M., & Filius, P. (1998). Environmental communication and the cultural politics of environmental citizenship. Environment and Planning, 30(8), pp. 1445-1460.
Caber, M., & Albayrak, T. (2016). Push or pull? Identifying rock climbing tourists' motivations. Tourism Management, 55, pp. 74-84.
Chipman, B. D., & Helfrich, L. A. (1988). Recreational specializations and motivations of Virginia river anglers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 8(4), pp. 390-398.
Choi, S., Loomis, D. K., & Ditton, R. B. (1994). Effect of social group, activity, and specialization on recreation substitution decisions. Leisure Sciences, 16(3), pp. 143-159.
Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and Health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), pp. 111-128.
Cox, S. M., & Fulsaas, K. (2003). Mountaineering: The freedom of the hills (7 ed.). The Mountaineers Books.
Devall, B. (1973). The development of leisure social worlds. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1(1), pp. 53-59.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negativeaffect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), pp. 1105-1117.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction withlife scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), pp. 71-75.
Ditton, R. B., Loomis, D. K., & Choi, S. (1992). Recreation specialization: re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), pp. 35-51.
Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., & Graefe, A. R. (1986). Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities. Journal of Leisure Research. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(2), pp. 81-95.
Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: a revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), pp. 425-442.
Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K., Mertig, A. G., & Howell, R. E. (1992). Measuring endorsement of an ecological world view: A revised NEP scale. Paper presented in the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociology Society, PA.
Dyck, C., Schneider, I., Thompson, M., & Virden, R. (2003). Specialization among mountaineers and its relationship to environmental attitudes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(2), pp. 44-62.
Eng, R. C. (2010). Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (8 ed.). Mountaineers Books.
Ewert, A.W., & Hollenhorst, S. J. (1989). Testing the adventure model: Empirical Support or a model of risk recreation participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), pp. 124-139.
Ewert, A. W., & Hollenhorst, S. J. (1997). Adventure recreation and its implications for wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness, 3(2), pp. 21-26.
Fielding, K. S., & Hornsey, M. J. (2016). A social identity analysis of climate change and environmental attitudes and behaviors: Insights and opportunities. Frontiers in psychology, 7.
Golob, T. F., & Hensher, D. A. (1998). Greenhouse gas emissions and Australian commuters’ attitudes and behavior concerning abatement policies and personal involvement. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 3(1), pp. 1-18.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education,18 (3), pp. 1-18.
Hollenhorst, S. J. (1988). The relationship between recreation specialization and characteristics, behaviors and preferences of selected rockclimbers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49.
Holzschuh, A. (2016). Does rock climbing threaten cliff biodiversity? A critical review. Biological Conservation, 204, pp. 153-162.
Hughes, M. D. Hallo, J. C., & Norman, W. C. (2016). Re-conceptualizing recreation-based social worlds: Examining the core characteristics of social worlds. Leisure/Loisir, 40(2), pp. 149-174.
Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1989). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), pp. 8-21.
Hwang, Y. H. Kim, S. I., & Jeng, J. M. (2000). Examining the causal relationships among selected antecedents of responsible envi-ronmental behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(4), pp. 19-25.
Kaiser, F. G. (1996). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. Reports - Research, American Psychological Association, Toronto.
Kauffman, R. B., & Graefe, A. R.(1984). Canoeing specialization, expected rewards and resource related attitudes. In J. S. Popadic, D. I. Butterfield, D. H. Anderson, M. R. Popadic, eds. Proced-ings of the National River Recreation Symposium, Oct. 31-Nov. 3, Baton Rouge, LA. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Kim, H., & Song, H. (2017). Measuring hiking specialization and identification of latent profiles of hikers. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 13(1), pp. 59-68.
Kuentzel, W. F., & McDonald, C. D. (1992). Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(3), pp. 269-287.
Lee, J. H., & Scott, D. (2004). Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences, 24, pp. 245-260.
Lepp, A., & Herpy, D. (2015). Paddlers' level of specialization, motivations and preferences for river management practices. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 12, pp. 64-70.
Little, B. R. (1976). Specialization and the varieties of environmental experience: Empirical studies within the personality paradigm. In Experiencing the Environment. pp. 81-116.
Liu, D., Ou, S. M., & Jiang, Q. (2015). Improving service to accumulate recreation specialization capital. 2015 Third International Conference on Robot, Vision and Signal Processing, pp. 105-108.
López-Bonilla, L. M., & López-Bonilla, J. M. (2016). From the new environmental paradigm to the brief ecological paradigm: A revised scale in golf tourism. Anatolia, 27(2), pp. 227-236.
McFarlane, B. L. (1994). Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 22(3), pp. 361-370.
McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 14, pp. 3-15.
Merrill, K., & Graefe, A. (2007). The relationship between activity specialization and preferences for setting and route attributes of selected rock climbers. In Proceedings of the 1997 northeastern recreation research symposium (pp. 40-44). New York, USA: Bolton Landing. April 6-8, 1997.
Miller, C. A., & Graefe, A. R. (2000). Degree and range of specialization across related hunting activities. Leisure Sciences, 22, pp. 195-204.
Needham, M. D., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., & Manfredo, M. J. (2007). Hunting specialization and its relationship to participation in response to chronic wasting disease. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(3), pp. 413-437.
Nelb, S., & Schuster, R. M. (2008). Questioning the continuum: Specialization in rock climbing. Retrieved: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs-p-23papers/28nelb-p23.pdf
Schultz, P. W., & Zelezny, L. (1999). Values as predictors of environmental attitudes: Evidence for consistency across 14 countries. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(3), pp. 255-265.
Schuster, R. M. Thompson, J. G., & Hammitt, W. E. (2001). Rock climbers' attitudes toward management of climbing and the use of bolts. Environmental Management, 19(3), pp. 403-412.
Scott, D., & Godbey, G. (1994). Recreation specialization in the social world of contract bridge. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(3), pp. 275-295.
Scott, D., & Shafer, C. S. (2001). Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), pp. 319-343.
Scott, D., & Willits, F. K. (1994). Environmental attitudes and behavior: A pennsylvania survey. Environment and Behavior, 26(2), pp. 239-260.
Scott, D., Ditton, R. B., Stoll, J. R., & Eubanks Jr, T. L. (2005). Measuring specialization among birders: Utility of a self-classification measure. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10(1), pp. 53-74.
Thapa, B., Graefe, A. R.,, & Meyer, L. A. (2006). Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), pp. 601-615.
Thompson, S., & Barton, M. (1994). Ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward the environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 14, pp. 149-157.
Tindall, D. B., Davies, S., & Mauboules, C. (2003). Activism and conservation behavior in an environmental movement: The contradictory effects of gender. Society and Natural Resources, 16(10), pp. 909-932.
Virden, R. J., & Schreyer, R. (1988). Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference. Environment and Behavior, 20(6), pp. 721-739.
Watson, A. E., Niccolucci, M. J., & Williams, D. R. (1994). The nature of conflict between hikers and recreational stock users in the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), pp. 372-385.
Wellman, J. D. Reggenbuck, J. W., & Smith, A. C. (1982). Recreation specialization and norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(4), pp. 323-340.
Williams, D. R., & Huffman, M. G. (1986). Recreation specialization as a factor in backcountry trail choice. General Technical Report, Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service(INT-212), pp. 339-344.