臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以全世界的刺紋小龍蝨族為材料，以支序分類原理及方法來進行其親緣關係的探討。支序分析根據158種刺紋小龍蝨及其有親緣訊息的57個成蟲特徵。分析結果有9棵樹長為98的最短樹，樹型分析指數分別為一致性指數0.65，保留指數0.90，校正的一致性指數0.59。以9棵最短樹所產生的公同樹及偏好的一棵最短樹來探討刺紋小龍蝨族的親緣關係，皆可得到很好的解析能力。分析的結果可提供許多刺紋小龍蝨族的親緣訊息，可以此客觀的基礎對刺紋小龍蝨族的分類系統進行修正。兩個明確的子孫共有特徵可支持刺紋小龍蝨族的單源系，這兩個特徵分別是前胸背板基部脊紋以及雌性生殖器的受精囊外表有刺紋。Huxelhydrus 屬是刺紋小龍蝨族中最原始的。目前的Liodessus屬是一個複系群，美洲的Liodessus屬是一個單系群且是真的Liodessus。澳洲的Liodessus屬亦是一個由3個明確的子孫共有特徵所支持的單系群，其姊妹群是Allodessus屬。因為沒適合的屬級地位所以建立一個新屬Austrodessus n. gen. 以包括這些種類。亞洲唯一的一種屬於Liodessus屬的Liodessus megacephalus (Gschwendtner)在樹型上是在Allodessus屬的支系內，Allodessus屬有2個子孫共有特徵。非洲Liodessus屬的親緣關係則不清楚。目前分類系統分布在澳洲的Bidessodes種類被處理為新屬Wattsdessus n. gen.的種類。Hydroglyphus thienemanni (Csiki) 在樹型上是屬於Allodessus屬的支系，因此Allodessus屬的分布範圍擴展到東南亞。Pseuduvarus屬被處理為Hydroglyphus屬的同物異名。Clypeodytes屬不是個單系群，移去幾個種之後就是有2個明確的子孫共有特徵所支持的單系群。經由分析後，Leiodytes屬只剩下2個種。原歸於Clypeodytes屬的Paraclypeus亞屬經由提升為獨立屬，且擁有2個明確的子孫共有特徵，很多原先是Clypeodytes屬及Leiodytes屬的種類現在都歸於這屬。Pachynectes (Yoloides)亞屬是Yolina屬的同物異名。Crinodessus屬降為Neoclypeodytes屬的亞屬。有刺小龍蝨族的32個屬皆進行分類學研究。

The phylogenetic relationships within Bidessini were studied with a cladistic framework. The analyses were based on 158 species of Bidessini and 57 phylogenetically informative adult morphological characters. Analyses under equal weighting produced nine most parsimonious cladograms of 98 steps (CI = 0.65, RI = 0.90, RC = 0.59). A consensus tree generated from the nine MPCs and a preferred MPC were both resolved. The results of the analyses provide much information and objective basis for the taxonomic treatments within Bidessini. The monophyly of Bidessini was supported based on two unambiguous synapomorphies: presence of pronotal basal stria and female genitalia with spermathecal spine. Huxelhydrus is the most basal in Bidessini. Liodessus is indicated as polyphyly. American Liodessus was confirmed as a monophyletic group and is true Liodessus. Australian Liodessus represents another monophyletic group based on three unambiguous synapomorphies and to be the sister group of Allodessus. Austrodessus n. gen. is proposed to include this group. A single species of Asian Liodessus (Liodessus megacephalus (Gschwendtner)) is placed in the lineage of Allodessus supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies. The phylogenetic position of African Liodessus is unknown. Bidessodes is not a monophyly. American Bidessodes species forming a monophyly is far from Australian Bidessodes. Australian Bidessodes represent a single genus and Wattsdessus n . gen. is proposed for it. Hydroglyphus thienemanni (Csiki) is grouped in the clade of Allodessus and expands its range from Australia to SE Asia. Pseuduvarus is treated as a junior synonym of Hydroglyphus. Clypeodytes is not monophyletic. After removing some species from this genus, Clypeodytes is well supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies. Leiodytes is not a monophyly and only two species were left in this genus. Clypeodytes (Paraclypeus) is supported by 2 unambiguous synapomorphies and I propose to elevate it to generic rank. Many previous Clypeodytes and Leiodytes species are now assigned to this genus. Subgenus Pachynectes (Yoloides) is proposed to be a junior synonym of Yolina. Crinodessus is relegated as a subgenus of Neoclypeodytes. Thirty-two genera of Bidessini are reviewed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chinese abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii
Acknowledgments ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
List of tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
List of figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii
Chapter 1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1. General introduction-----------------------------------------------------------1
1.2. Historical review---------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3. Objectives-----------------------------------------------------------------------4
Chapter 2. Material and Methods--------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1. Material---------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2. Methods---------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.2.1. Collection of specimens------------------------------------------------------7
2.2.2.Preparation, examination, measurement and preservation of specimens-----------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.2.3. Record of collecting and identification data-------------------------------8
2.2.4. Morphology -------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2.5. Phylogenetic analysis--------------------------------------------------------16
Chapter 3. Phylogeny of Bidessini-----------------------------------------------------------27
3.1. Results of phylogenetic analyses---------------------------------------------27
3.2. Discussion-----------------------------------------------------------------------27
Chapter 4. Review of the genrea of Bidessini ----------------------------------------------39
4.1. Tribe Bidessini-----------------------------------------------------------------39
4.2. Genus Africodytes Bistrom, 1988--------------------------------------------42
4.3. Genus Allodessus Guignot, 1953---------------------------------------------47
4.4. Genus Amarodytes Regimbart, 1900----------------------------------------53
4.5. Genus Anodocheilus Babington, 1841--------------------------------------58
4.6. Genus Austrodessus n. gen.---------------------------------------------------63
4.7. Genus Bidessodes Regimbart, 1900-----------------------------------------68
4.8. Genus Bidessonotus Regimbart, 1895---------------------------------------76
4.9. Genus Bidessus Sharp, 1882--------------------------------------------------83
4.10. Genus Boongurrus Larson, 1994-------------------------------------------88
4.11. Genus Brachyvatus Zimmermann, 1919----------------------------------92
4.12. Genus Clypeodytes Regimbart, 1894--------------------------------------96
4.13. Genus Geodessus Brancucci, 1979---------------------------------------104
4.14. Genus Gibbidessus Watts, 1978-------------------------------------------110
4.15. Genus Glareadessus Wewalka & Bistrom, 1998-----------------------114
4.16. Genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921-------------------------------118
4.17. Genus Huxelhydrus Sharp, 1882------------------------------------------123
4.18. Genus Hydroglyphus Motschulsky, 1853--------------------------------127
4.19. Genus Leiodytes Guignot, 1936-------------------------------------------134
4.20. Genus Limbodessus Guignot, 1939---------------------------------------139
4.21. Genus Liodessus Guignot, 1939-------------------------------------------142
4.22. Genus Microdessus Young, 1967 -----------------------------------------148
4.23. Genus Neobidessus Young, 1967 -----------------------------------------152
4.24. Genus Neoclypeodytes Young, 1967--------------------------------------157
4.25. Genus Pachynectes Régimbart, 1903-------------------------------------162
4.26. Genus Paraclypeus Vazirani, 1971 n. stat.------------------------------166
4.27. Genus Platydytes Biström, 1988------------------------------------------172
4.28. Genus Sharphydrus Omer-Cooper, 1958--------------------------------176
4.29. Genus Tepuidessus Spangler, 1981---------------------------------------182
4.30. Genus Tyndallhydrus Sharp, 1882----------------------------------------186
4.31. Genus Uvarus Guignot, 1939----------------------------------------------191
4.32. Genus Wattsdessus n. gen.-------------------------------------------------195
4.33. Genus Yola Gozis, 1886----------------------------------------------------198
4.34. Genus Yolina Gignot, 1936------------------------------------------------201
References--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------208
Appendix
Appendix I. Data matrix for 64 terminals and 57 characters. Terminal names refer to taxa and groups of taxa presented in Table 2 ---------------------------------------------216
Appendix II. Checklist of Bidessini

Alarie, Y., and G. Wewalka. 2001. Description of the mature larva of Glareadessus stocki Wewalka and Biström (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), a stygobiontic Bidessini from the Persian Gulf region. Coleopt. Bull. 55: 144-151.
Balfour-Browne, J. 1947. A revision of the genus Bidessonotus Regimbart (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 98: 425-448.
Balfour-Browne, J. 1953. Hydrodessus gen. n. Hydroporinarum (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London (B) 22: 55-56.
Balke, M. 2001. Papuadessus pakdjoko- a new genus and species of rheobiont diving beetles from New Guinea of potential use for environmental impact assessments (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Hydrobiologia 464: 107-112.
Balke, M., and L. Hendrich. 1996. A new species of the terrestrial water beetles genus Geodessus Brancucci (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), sieved from leaf litter in southern India. Aquat. Insects 18: 91-99.
Balke, M., L. Hendrich, P. Mazzoldi, and O. Biström. 2002. Borneodessus zetteli, new genus and new species, notes on biogeography and a checklist of Dytiscidae from Borneo (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). J. Nat. Hist. 36: 963-978.
Bameul, F. 1984. Haliplidae, Noteridae, Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae captures dans les iles Mascareignes et a Madagascar par Yves Gomy (Coleoptera: Hydradephaga). Nouv. Rev. Entomol. (N.S.) 1: 87-103.
Bertrand, H., and C. Legros. 1975. Contribution a la fanue du Congo (Brazzaville). Misson A. Villiers et A. Descarpentries. 111. Coleopteres Hydrocanthares. Bull. Inst. Fond Afr. Noire (A) 37: 669-683.
Bilardo, A., and S. Rocchi. 1999. Haliplidae e Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) del Gabon (Parteterza). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 140: 215-236.
Biström, O. 1983. Revision of the genera Yola Des Gozis and Yolina Guignot (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta Zool. Fenn. 176: 1-67.
Biström, O. 1985. A revision of the species group B. sharpi in the genus Bidessus (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta Zool. Fenn. 178: 1-40.
Biström, O. 1986. Review of the genus Hydroglyphus Motschulsky (= Guignotus Houlbert) in Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta Zool. Fenn. 182: 1-56.
Biström, O. 1987a. Revision of the genus Pachynectes Regimbart (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 53: 48-52.
Biström, O. 1987b. Review of the genus Leiodytes in Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 53: 91-101.
Biström, O. 1988a. Review of the genus Liodessus in Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 54: 21-28.
Biström, O. 1988b. Review of the genus Uvarus Guignot in Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta Entomol Fenn. 51: 1-38.
Biström, O. 1988c. Generic review of the Bidessini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta Zool. Fenn. 184: 1-41.
Biström, O. 1988d. Revision of the genus Clypeodytes Regimbart in Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Entomol. Scand. 19: 199-238.
Biström, O. 1993. Leiodytes similes sp. n. from Gabon and new faunistic records of some Hydroporinae species from Africa (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Rev. Fr. Entomol. (N. S.) 15: 153-155.
Biström, O. 1995. Uvarus laurentius sp. n. and Africodytes maximus sp. n. and a new faunistic records of other Bidessini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) from the Ethiopian region. Entomol. Fenn. 6: 43-46.
Biström, O. 2000. Description of two new Bidessini species from the afro-tropical region (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Aquat. Insects 22: 325-328.
Biström, O., and H. Silfverberg. 1981. Hydroglyphus Motschulsky, a senior synonym of Guignotus Houlbert (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 47: 124.
Biström, O., A. N. Nilsson, and G. Wewalka. 1997. A systematic review of tribes Hyphydrini Sharp and Pachydrini n. trib. (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Entomol. Fenn. 8: 57-82.
Boheman, C. H. 1848. Insecta Caffraria annis 1834-1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta. 1(1). Coleoptera (Carabici, Hydrocanthari, Gyrinii et Staphylinii). Holmiae: Norstedtiana, VIII + 297 pp.
Brancucci, M. 1979. Geodessus besucheti n. gen., n. sp. le premier dytiscidae terrestre (Col., Dytiscidae, Bidessini). Entomol. Basil. 4: 213-218.
Brancucci, M. 1985. Typhlodessus monteithi n. gen., n. sp., a blind terrestrial Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from New Caledonia. Mitt. Schw. Entomol. Gesellsch. 58: 467-470.
Clark, H. 1862. Catalogue of the Dytiscidae and Gyrinidae of Australasia, with descriptions of new species. J. Entomol. 1: 399-421.
Cooper, S. J. B., S. Hinze, R. Leys, C. H. S. Watts, and W. F. Humphreys. 2002. Islands under the desert: Molecular systematics and evolutionary origins of stygobiotic water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from central Western Australia. Invertebr. Syst. 16: 589-598.
Crotch, G. R. 1873. Revision of the Dytiscidae of the United States. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 4: 383-424.
Crowson, R. A. 1981. The Biology of Coleoptera. Academic Press, New York. 802 pp.
Faris, J. S. 1969. A successive approximation approach to character weighting. Syst. Zool. 40: 366-375.
Guignot, F. 1936. Coleoptera 10. Haliplidae et Dytiscidae. Mission scientifique de l‘Omo 4. Mem. Mus. National Hist. Nat. 8: 1-76.
Guignot, F. 1939. Contribution a l‘etude des Bidessus. Soc. Etude Sci. Nat. Vaucluse: 51-61.
Guignot, F. 1946a. Genotype des Dytiscoidea et des Gyrinoidea. Rev. Fr. Entomol. 13: 112-118.
Guignot, F. 1946b. Mission scientifique de l’Omo6 (58). Coleoptera, Dytiscidae. Memoires du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris: 215-322.
Guignot, F. 1953. Trente-neuvieme note sue les Hydrocanthares. Rev. Fr. Entomol. 20: 109-117.
Guignot, F. 1958. Contribution a la connaissance des dytiscides et gyrinidae sud-americains. Rev. Fr. Entomol. 25: 33-42.
Guignot, F. 1959. Revision des Hydrocanthares d‘Afrique (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belgr 70: 1-313.
Guignot, F. 1960.
Revision des Hydrocanthares d‘Afrique (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belgr 70: 1-313.
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 263 pp.
Kitching, I., P. L. Forey, C. J. Humphries, and D. M. Williams. 1998. Cladistics, The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. 228 pp.
Larson, D. J. 1994. Boongurrus rivulus, a new genus and species of water beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Bidessini) from Northern Queenland, Australia. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 33: 217-221.
Larson, D. J. 1997. Habitat and community patterns of tropical Australian hydradephagan water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Noteridae). Aust. J. Entomol. 36: 269-285.
Larson, D. J., Y. Alarie, and R. E. Roughley. 2000. Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with Emphasis on the Fauna of Canada and Alaska. National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa. 982 pp.
Latreille, P. A. 1804. Des dytiques. Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces et des Insectes 8: 155-180.
LeConte, J. L. 1855. Analytical table of the species of Hydroporus found in the United States, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 290-299.
Miller, K. B. 1997a. Crinodessus amyae, a new Nearctic genus and species of predaceous diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini) from Texas, U.S.A. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99: 483-486.
Miller, K. B. 1997b. Bidessonotus canis, a new species of predaceous diving beetle from Costa Rica (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Coleopt. Bull. 51: 289-291.
Miller, K. B. 2001a. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the New World genus Neoclypeodytes Young. Syst. Entomol. 26: 87-123.
Miller, K. B. 2001b. On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system. Insect Syst. Evol. 32: 45-92.
Miller, K. B. 2001c. Revision of the neotropical genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Aquat. Insects. 23: 253-275.
Miller, K. B. 2003. The phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and the evolution of sexual conflict. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 79: 359-388.
Motschulsky, V. 1853. Hydrocanthares de la Russie. Helsingfors: 1-15.
Nilsson, A. N. 2001. Dytiscidae. World Catalogue of Insects 3. Apollo Books, Denmark. 395 pp.
Nilsson, A. N., R. E. Roughley, and M. Brancucci. 1989. A review of the genus- and family-group names of the family Dytiscidae Leach (Coleoptera). Entomol. Scand. 20: 287-316.
Nilsson, A. N., G. Wewalka, L. J. Wang, and M. Sato. 1995. An annotated list of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) recorded from Taiwan. Entomol. Beitr. 45: 357-374.
Omer-Cooper, J. 1958. Tyndallhydrus coriaceus Regimbart and T. capensis Omer-Cooper (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) transferred to a new genus, Sharphydrus. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London (B) 27: 19-21.
Omer-Cooper, J. 1959. Hydroporinae, Bidessini. Dytiscidae from Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 22: 108-137.
Omer-Cooper, J. 1974. The species of Bidessus Sharp (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of Africa south of the Sahara including Madagascar. 1. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 37: 305-314.
Ordish, R. G. 1966. A systematic revision of the New Zealand water beetles (Coleoptera: Dtyiscidae). Rec. Domin. Mus. Well. 5: 217-264.
Ordish, R. G. 1976. Two new genera and species of subterranean water beetles from New Zealand (Coleoptera: Dtyiscidae). New Zeal. J. Zool. 2: 1-10.
Pederzani, F., and S. Rocchi. 1982. Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) collected in the People‘s Republic of Congo by Mr. Giovanni Onore in the years 1977-1980. Redia 65: 65-88.
Pederzani, F., and N. Sanfilippo. 1978. Contributo alla conoscenza dei ditiscidi delle isole Seychelles e del Madagascar. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 56: 239-243.
Régimbart, M. 1894. Haliplidae, Dytiscidae & Gyrinidae Voyage de M. E. Simon dans l‘Afrique. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 63: 227-240.
Régimbart, M. 1895. Revision des Dytiscidae et Gyrinidae d‘Afrique Madagascar et Iles voisines. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Belgique 4: 1-244.
Régimbart, M. 1899a. Sur quelques dytiscides nouveaux de l‘American meridionale. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) 20: 524-530.
Régimbart, M. 1899b. Revision des Dytiscidae de la region Indo-Sino-Malaise. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Fr. 68: 186-367.
Régimbart, M. 1903. Coleoptera aquatiquees (Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae et Hydrophilidae) recueillis dans le sud -- Madagascar par M. Ch. Alluaud. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 77: 1-51.
Ribera, I., J. Hogan, and A. Vogler. 2002. Phylogeny of hydradephagan water beetles inferred from 18S rRNA sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23: 43-62.
Sanfilippo, N. 1958. Descrizione di Trogloguiguatus concii gen. n. sp. di Dytiscidae freatobio. Viaggio in Venezuel di Nino Sanfilippo.5. Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genov. 70: 159-164.
Sato, M. 1985. Coleopetera. pp. 227-260, in: T. Kawai ed. 1985. An Illustrated Book of Aquatic Insects of Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 409 pp. (in Japanese)
Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of insects of the families Carabici and Hydrocanthari of Latreille, inhabiting North America. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2: 1-109.
Schaum, H. 1864. Die egyptischen Dytisciden. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 8: 105-108.
Sharp, D. 1882. On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidae. Sci. Trans. R. Duubl. Soc. (2): 179-1003.
Spangler, P. J. 1981a. New and interesting water beetles from Mt. Roraima and Ptari-tepui, Venezuela (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae). Aquat. Insects 3: 1-11.
Spangler, P. J. 1981b. Two new genera, two new species of bidessine water beetles from South America (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 57: 65-75.
Spangler, P. J., and C. B. Barr. 1995. A new genus and species of stygobiontic dytiscid beetle, Comaldessus stygius (Coleopetra: Dytiscidae: Bidessini) from Comal Spring, Texas. Insecta Munda 9: 301-308.
Spangler, P. J. 1996. Four new stygobiontic beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae; Noteridae; Elmidae). Insecta Mundi 10(1-4): 241-259.
Steinheil, E. 1869. Symbolae ad historiam coleopterorum Argentiniae meridionalis, ossia elenco dei coleotteri raccolti dal professore Pellegrino Strobel. Atti della Societa Italianan di Scienze Naturali 12: 238-260.
Vazirani, T. G. 1968. A review of the subfamilies--Noterinae, Laccophilinae, Dytiscinae and Hydroporinae (in part) from India. Orien. Insects 2: 221-341.
Vazirani, T. G. 1971. A new subgenus of Clypeodytes Regimbart (Dytiscidae). J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 68: 481-482.
Vazirani, T. G. 1977. Catalogue of Oriental Dytiscidae. Rec. Zool. Surv. India Misc. Publ. Occas. Pap. 6: 1-111.
Watts, C. H. 1978. A revision of the Australian Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 57: 1-166.
Watts, C. H. 1982. A blind terrestrial water beetles from Australia. Mem. Qd. Mus. 20: 527-531.
Watts, C. H., and W. F. Humphreys. 1999. Three new genera and five new species of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from underground waters in Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 32(2): 121-142.
Watts, C. H., and W. F. Humphreys. 2000. Six new species of Nirridessus Watts and Humphreys and Tjirtudessus Watts and Humphreys (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from underground waters in Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum (Adelaide) 33(2): 127-144.
Wang, L. J., M. Sato, and P. S. Yang. 1998. Note on the genus Leiodytes Guignot (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) with three new species from Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Jan. J. Syst. Entomol. 4: 161-171.
Wewalka, G., and O. Biström. 1987. Clypeodytes (Hypoclypeus) jaechi n. sp., described from Nepal (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Zeitschr. Arbeitsg. Osterr. Entomol. 39: 49-50.
Wewalka, G., and O. Biström. 1998. Clypeodytes (Hypoclypeus) jaechi n. sp., described from Nepal (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Zeitschr. Arbeitsg. Osterr. Entomol. 39: 49-50.
Wiley, E. O. 1981. Phylogenetics. The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 439 pp.
Wolfe, G. W. 1985. A phylogenetic analysis of plesiotypic Hydroporinae lineage with an emphasis on Laccornis Des Gozis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 137: 132-155.
Wolfe, G. W. 1987. A phylogenetic investigation of Hydrovatus, Methlini and other plesiotypic Hydroporines (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Psyche 95: 327-343.
Young, F. N. 1954. The water beetles of Florida. Univ. Florida Biol. Ser. 5: 1-238.
Young, F. N. 1967. A key to the genera of American bidessine water beetles, with descriptions of three new genera (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Coleopt. Bull. 21: 75-84.
Young, F. N. 1969. A checklist of the American Bidessini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae-Hydroporinae). Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 33: 1-5.
Young, F. N. 1974. Review of the predaceous water beetles of the genus Anodocheilus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 670: 1-28.
Young, F. N. 1977. Predacious water beetles of the genus Neobidessus Young in the Americas North of Columbia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 618: 1-24.
Young, F. N. 1981. Predacious water beetles of the genus Neobidessus Young from South America (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Coleopt. Bull. 35: 317-340.
Young, F. N. 1986. Review of the predacious water beetles of the genus Bidessodes Regimbart (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Entomol. Basil. 11 (Special Issue): 203-220.
Young, F. N. 1990. A review of classification of the water beetles of the new world genus Bidessonotus Regimbart (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Quaest. Entomol. 26: 355-381.
Zimmermann, A. 1919. Die Schwimmkafer des Deuutschen Entomologischen Museums in Berlin-Dahlem. Arch. Naturges. (A) 83(12): 68-249.
Zimmermann, A. 1920. Dytiscidae. Coleopterorum Catal. W. Junk 4(71): 1-296.
Zimmermann, A. 1921. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der sudamerikanischen Schwimmkaferfauna nebst 41 Neubeschreibungen. Arch. Naturges. 87(3): 181-206.