臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以生態風險評估為研究方法，評估基隆河溶氧變化所造成的魚類致死機率，並且依據評估結果研擬生態風險管理策略，包括建立生態溶氧準則與適應性管理。此管理策略是以生態為核心之河川品質管理，而非以物化因子為主的河川水質管理。
生態風險評估之基本架構係依據美國環保署所建議之實施方法，評估物種為大鱗鮻(Liza macrolepis)、虱目魚(Chanos chanos)、金目鱸(Lates calcarife)、尼羅吳郭魚(Oreochromis niloticus) 四種河口魚類，評估終點為河川溶氧變化造成的魚類死亡率。暴露評估將基隆河依照溶氧同質性分成六個河段，並求出各河段溶氧機率分佈。生態效應分析推估四種魚類之溶氧致死效應曲線，獲得耐受度由低至高為虱目魚、金目鱸、大鱗鮻與尼羅吳郭魚。最後進行風險界定，使用溶氧機率密度曲線以及溶氧致死效應機率之乘積，為真實河川內致死機率R’，而 R’的積分值R代表河川的總生態風險。結果顯示在接近河口的兩個河段內，四種魚類面臨的生態風險依序是虱目魚>金目鱸>大鱗鮻>尼羅吳郭魚；且基隆河總生態風險為第五河段大於末端的第六河段，此與第五河段低溶氧的出現機率大於第六河段有關。
生態風險管理則應用生態風險評估之結果，分別研擬生態溶氧準則及適應管理策略。生態溶氧準則以真實河川致死總風險RA為依據，分別有設立三個風險基準：最大真實河川致死機率(RA(R’max))、真實河川總致死風險的三分之二(RA= R)以及真實河川總致死風險(RA=R)，並以虱目魚、金目鱸、大鱗鮻三種魚類為指標物種，共設立九個基準值。適應性管理策略則應用虱目魚與金目鱸的溶氧準則，擬定河川品質管理的三個階段性目標，由高死亡機率逐步進階到低死亡機率的狀況。第一階段RA=17%，DO≧0.8 mg/L；第二階段RA=23%，DO≧1.0 mg/L；第三階段RA=28.8%，DO≧3.0 mg/L。而階段性目標的調整準則，為依據每日採樣資料之不合格率，在第一、二階段為20%，第三階段為30%。

This research applied ecological risk assessment to assess fish lethal rate resulting from DO variation in Keelong river. The ecological risk management strategy, including ecological dissolved oxygen criteria and adaptive management was made according to the result of ecological risk assessment. This strategy is ecology-centered river quality management, not water quality management based on physical and chemical factors.
The species used in this ecological risk assessment were Liza macrolepis, Chanos chanos, Lates calcarife, Oreochromis niloticus. The assessment endpoint was set as "fish lethal rate resulting from river DO variation". Based on DO homogeneity, Keelong River was divided six segments in exposure assessment, where DO was expressed by probability distribution. The ecological effect analysis estimated the effect curves for the four fish species, and tolerances from high to low were Chanos chanos, Lates calcarife, Liza macrolepis, and Oreochromis niloticus. In risk characterization, the real river lethal risk (R'') was defined as the product of DO occurrence probability in the river and the expected lethal risk in the laboratory. Integral of R'', i.e. R, represented the total river lethal risk. Chanos chanos was found facing higher risk in the last two river segments than other species. The R of Keelong river was higher in the fifth segment than in the sixth segment, which was because probability of low DO (about 1 mg/L) was higher in the fifth segment .
According to those results, ecological quality criteria for DO and an adaptive management strategy were made. The ecological quality criteria was based on the real lethal risk (RA). Three criterion was set, RA(R''max), RA= R, and RA=R, in which three species, Liza macrolepis, Chanos chanos, and Lates calcarife were taken as indicator organisms. Secondly those criteria were applied in adaptive management strategy. Using criteria for Chanos chanos and Lates calcarife the strategy defined three management stages adjusted from high to low risk, i.e. RA=17% and DO≧0.8 mg/L, RA=23% and DO≧1.0 mg/L, and RA=28.8% and DO≧3.0 mg/L. Separately the management objectives in the first and second stage objectives were set as the unqualified rate 20%, and 30% for the third stage.

章節目錄
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 9
第一節 河川生態系統 9
第二節 河川溶氧變化 19
第三節 生態風險評估 26
第四節 生態風險管理 38
第五節 小結 43
第三章 研究理念與方法 45
第一節 研究理念 45
第二節 研究方法 50
第四章 基隆河現況、發展與生態課題分析 60
第一節 基隆河流域之地理區位與結構 60
第二節 基隆河水體環境 65
第三節 基隆河流域的人類衝擊 85
第四節 基隆河生態課題分析 96
第五章 基隆河生態風險評估 99
第一節 評估目標確認 99
第二節 問題確認 103
第三節 暴露分析 110
第四節 生態效應分析 117
第五節 風險界定 126
第六節 評估結論 132
第六章 生態風險管理 135
第一節 推導溶氧準則 135
第二節 適應性管理 140
第三節 小結 143
第七章 研究結論、討論與建議 145
第一節 研究結論 145
第二節 討論 148
第三節 建議 151
參考文獻 153

一、英文部分
Adams, S.M., 1990, “Status and Use of Biological Indicators for Evaluating the Effects of Stress on Fish,” American Fisheries Society Symposium 8: 1-8.
Adelman, I.R. and L.L. Smith, 1972. “Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulfide to Goldfish (Carassius auratus) as Influenced by Temperature, Oxygen, and Bioassay Techniques.” J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29: 1309-1317.
AHAP (American Public Health Association), American Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation, 1985. Standard Method: For the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th edit.
Allan, J.D., 1995, “Chapter 2: Streamwater Chemistry,” Stream Ecology- Structure and Function of Running Waters, Chapman & Hall.
Bartell, S.M., 1996, “Ecological/Environmental Risk Assessment: Principles and Practices,” edited by R.V. Koliuru, S.M. Bartell, R.M. Pitblado, and R.S. Strcoff, New York: McGraw Hill.
Calabrese, E.J. and L.A. Baldwin, 1993. Performing Ecological Risk Assessments. Lewis Publishers, USA.
Christensen, N.L., Ann M. Bartuska, J.H. Brown, S. Carpenter, C. D’antonio, R. Francis, J.F. Franklin, J.A. MacMahon, R.F. Noss, D.J. Parsons, C.H. Peterson, M.G. Turner, and R.G. Woodmansee, 1996. “The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management.” Ecological Applications 6: 665-691.
Claassen, M., 1999. “Ecological risk assessment as a framework for environmental impact assessments.” Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 39, No. 10-11, pp. 151-154.
Covello, V.T. and M.W. Merkhofer, 1993. Risk Assessment Methods Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks. New York: Plenum Press.
Décamps, H., M. Fortuné, F. Gazelle, and G. Pautou, 1998, “Historical influence of man on the riparian dynamics of a fluvial landscape,” Landscape Ecology 1: 163-173.
DeRosa, C.T., M.M. Mumtaz, H. Choudhury, and D.L. McKean, 1993,“An Integrated Approach to Risk Characterization of Multiple Pathway Chemical Exposure,” Comparative Environmental Risk Assessment, edited by C. Richard Cothern, Lewis Publishers.
Environment and Lands Headquarters Division, 1997. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Canada.
FEMAT, 1993. “Chapter 8: Implementation and adaptive management.” Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, US.
Forbes, V.E. and T.L. Forbes, 1994. Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice. Chapman & Hall.
Huntington, K.M. and D.C. Miller, 1989. “Effects of Suspended Sediment, Hypoxia, and Hyperoxia on Larval Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758).” Journal of Shellfish Research 8: 37-42.
Jaeger, C.C., 1998. “Risk assessment and integrated assessment.” Environmental Modeling and Assessment 3: 211-225.
Johnson, B.L., W.B. Richardson, and T.J. Naimo, 1995, “Past, Present, and Future Concepts in Large River Ecology: How Rivers Function and How Human Activities Influence River Processes,” BioScience, Vol. 45, No. 3.
Jörissen, J. and R. Coenen, 1994. “The EEC Directive on EIA and Its Implementation in the EC Member States.” Environmental Impact Assessment. Edited by Colombo, A.G. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Karr, J.R., 1981, “Assessment of Biotic Integrity Using Fish Community,” Fisheries 6(6): 21-27.
Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley, 1981, “Ecological Prespective on Water Quality Goals.” Environmental Management Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.55-68.
Lackey, R.T., 1998. “Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment.” Environmental Science & Policy 1: 329-335.
Laws, E.A., 1993, “Chapter 8: Toxicology,” in Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leiner, S., 1996, “The Habitat Quality Index Applied to New Mexico Streams.” Hydrobiologia 319: 237-249.
Lotspeich, F.B., 1980. “Watershed As The Basic Ecosystem: This Conceptual Framework Provides A Basis for A Natural Classification System.” Water Resource Bulletin 16(4): 581-586.
Mason, C.F., 1991. Biology of Freshwater Pollution. 2nd ed., Longman Group, UK.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 1991, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Ministry for the Environment, 1999. A Guide to Preparing A Basic Assessment of Environmental Effects. Wellington, New Zealand.
Misra, V., F.N. Jaffery, and P.N. Viswanathan, 1994, “Risk Assessment of Water Pollutants.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 29: 29-40.
Moran, J.M., M.D. Morgan, and J.H. Wiersma, 1986. Introduction to Environmental Science. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement Inc.), 1985. A Literature Review of the Possible Effects of Gas Supersaturation on Aquatic Organisms. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement Inc. Tech. Bull. No. 476. New York. N.Y. 25p.
Newman, P.J., 1992. “Surface Water Quality Indicators.” In Environmental Impact Assessment. Edited by A.G. Colombo, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Novotny, V., 1996. “Integrated Water Quality Management.” Water. Science. Tech., Vol. 33, No. 4-5.
Novotny, V., and H. Olem, 1994, Water quality: Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
NRC (National Research Council), 1986, Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Policansky, D., 1993, “Application of Ecological Knowledge to Environmental Problems: Ecological Risk Assessment,” Comparative Environmental Risk Assessment, edited by C. Richard Cothern, Lewis Publishers.
Pritchard, P., 2000. Environmental Risk Management. Earthscan Published, London.
Sagasti, A., Linda C.S., and J.E. Duffy, 2001, “Effects of Periodic Hypoxia on Mortality, Feeding and Predation in An Estuarine Epifaunal Community.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 258: 257-283.
Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Hakkinen, Y. Makinen, P. Niemela, M. Puhakka, and P.D. Coley, 1986. “River dynamics and diversity of Amazon lowland forest,” Nature (Lond.) 322: 254-258.
Sergeant, A., 2000. “Management objectives for ecological risk assessment-developments at US EPA.” Environmental Science & Policy 3: 295-298.
Shepard, M.P., 1955. “Resistance and tolerance of young speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to oxygen lack, with special reference to low oxygen acclimation.” J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 12: 378-446.
Spellman, F.R., 1996. Stream Ecology and Self-purification: An Introduction for Wastewater and Water Specialists. Technomic Publishing Company, USA.
Suter II, G.W., R.A. Efroymson, B.E. Sample, and D.S. Jones, 2000. Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites. Lewis Publishers, USA.
Suter II, G.W., W.B. Lawrence, S.M. Bartell, T. Mill, D. Mackay, and S. Paterson, 1993. Ecological Risk Assessment. Lewis Publishers, USA.
Thom, R.M., 2000. “Adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects.” Ecological Engineering 15: 365-372.
USEPA, 1976. “Dissolved Oxygen.” in Quality Criteria for Water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
USEPA, 1994. Managing Ecological Risk at EPA: Issues and Recommendations for Progress. EPA/600/R-94/183, Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
USEPA, 1998a. Water Quality Criteria and Standards Plan: Priorities for the Future. EPA 822-R-98-003, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA, 1998b. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA 630/R-95/002F, Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
USEPA, 2000. Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. EPA-822-R-00-012, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing. 1980. “The River Continuum Concept.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:130-137.
Ward, J.V., 1998. “Riverine Landscape: Biodiversity patterns, disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation.” Biological Conservation 83: 269-278.
Westman, W.E., 1985. Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning. Wiley-Interscience. USA.
Wood, C., 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment- A Comparative Review. Longman Scientific & Technical. England.
Zandbergen, P.A., 1998. “Urban Watershed Ecological Risk Assessment Using GIS: A Case Study of the Brunette River Watershed in British Columbia, Canada.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 61: 163-173.
二、中文部分
王漢泉，1983，「淡水河流域魚類分佈與水質關係之初步研究」，中國水產，第372期。
王漢泉，1984，「新店溪秀朗橋魚類死亡原因探討」，中國水產，第377期。
古昌杰、汪靜明，1994，「河川生態敏感地區劃定架構之研究」，規劃與設計學報，第一卷，第三期。
吳富春，2000，礫石河床鮭魚卵存活率之風險評估(I)，國科會專題研究計劃，計劃編號：NSC89-2313-B002-039。
汪靜明，1994，河川生態保育，台中：國立自然科學博物館。
阮國棟、洪慶宜、陳啟仁、葉琮裕、李奇翰，1999，「從情理法觀點探討土壤及地下水污染問題」，工業污染防治，第七十二期。
阮國棟、簡慧貞，1994，「健康風險暴露評估準則之建立」，工業污染防治，第五十期。
林維君，2001，以生態觀點為基礎的河流廊道規劃-以基隆河為例，台北大學資源管理研究所碩士論文
柯淳涵，2002，新店溪魚類存活水質流量管理規劃，計畫編號：EPA-91-G107-02-102。
殷名稱，1998，魚類生態學，基隆市：水產出版社。
曹先紹、張明雄、邵廣昭，2001，大台北地區淡水魚類相之研究(第一年)，台北市立動物園九十年度計畫研究報告。
翁億齡，2001，以「生態系統管理」觀念為基礎的流域規劃─以基隆河為例，台北大學資源管理研究所碩士論文
陳士賢、葉明吉、陳瑤湖、陳天任、黃國靖、丁力行、雷惠民，2000，基隆河及淡水河本流生態及底泥調查評估，計劃編號：EPA-89-G108-03-1129。
陳志遠，2001，高雄港附近河域及海域生態調查，國科會專題研究計畫，計畫編號：NSC-89-2621-Z-022-002。
陳是瑩，1982，「水污染對河川生態之影響」，河川水質規劃技術研討會論文集。
陳淑鈴、徐崇仁、楊明道、盧明益，1989，「網紋臭都魚基礎生理生態研究」，台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告，第四十七號。
陳淑鈴、劉富光，1988，「濱龍占基礎生理生態研究」，台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告，第四十五期。
陳章波、楊平世、陳志高、吳俊宗、龐元勳、謝蕙蓮，1997，淡水河下游生物相群聚之動態調查、淡水河污染整治對生態影響之研究、基隆河污染源與底棲生物採樣分析調查，計劃編號：EPA-86-G106-09-14、EPA-86-E3G1-09-13、EPA-86-G103-03-20。
陳章波、楊平世、陳志高、吳俊宗、龐元勳、謝蕙蓮、邵廣昭，1999，淡水河系生物相調查及生物指標手冊建立，計劃編號：EPA-88-G108-03-301。
彭弘光，1993，「石對生態環境適應能力研究」，水產研究，第一卷第二期。
湯宗達，1997，以生態系統完整性為中心之河川生態品質評估架構，中興大學資源管理研究所碩士論文
熊文俊，1998，台灣馬口魚繁養殖及環境生物學研究，台灣大學動物學研究所博士論文
劉振鄉，1978，「花身雞魚生態調查及試驗」，台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告，第卅期。
謝立生、黃建華，1991，環境工程化學，台北：乾泰圖書股份有限公司。
龐元勳，1998，集水區綜合治理改善基隆河水質策略探討，國科會專題研究計畫，計畫編號：NSC-86-2415-H-005A-006。
龐元勳，1999，「河川水質與集水區生態系統管理」，中興大學法商學報，第35期。
龐元勳，2001，依據「生態系統管理」原則的流域規劃─以基隆河流域為例，國科會專題研究計劃，計畫編號：NSC 89-2415-H-005A-014。
三、網站資料
IWI網站，Index of Watershed Indicators，網址：http://www.epa.gov/iwi/，最後更新日期：2003年8月30日。
水利署網站，網址：http://www.wra.gov.tw/，最後更新日期：2003年
台灣魚類資料庫，網址：http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw/2001new/main1.asp，最後更新日期：2003年12月3日。
環保署水質水體監測資料庫，環保署網站：http://www.epa.gov.tw/ ，最後更新日期：2003年12月3日。