臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

1. 固醇類在人體中為必要的荷爾蒙，以及對抗發炎反應的重要藥物，許多疾病與固醇類在人體內的含量有關。由於內生性及合成性類固醇結構非常相似，只差別在不同的官能基，因此對於定性及定量固醇類分子，需要高靈敏度及高準確度的分析方法。現今已有對於鑑定類固醇的技術為酵素連結免疫吸附分析 (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、氣相層析質譜儀 (Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、液相層析質譜儀 (Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry, LC-MS)；其中 ELISA 需要製備具專一性的抗體，GC-MS 必須將溶液樣品進行揮發後才能進行分析，而液相層析串聯質譜儀 (LC-MS/MS) 具有可偵測複雜的樣品及減少前處理的時間之優勢，常用於疾病及藥物檢測，為目前普遍且可信度高的分析方式。本研究欲利用 LC-MS/MS 分析衍生化後帶二價正電之類固醇，以新穎的裂解方法電子轉移裂解 (Electron transfer dissociation, ETD) 輔助一般 MS/MS 的碰撞引致裂解 (Collision-induced dissociation, CID) 裂解方式，獲得更準確及更靈敏的分析結果。本實驗中証實利用微波輔助衍生化類固醇反應，不僅縮短前處理時間，也藉由衍生化效果提高靈敏度，而 CID 提供豐富的低質荷比碎片離子，ETD 則提供了高質荷比之碎片離子，裂解機制以容易判讀的序列性裂解產生碎片離子，本研究欲藉由 ETD 提供更多的裂解資訊，建立重要類固醇的 CID 及 ETD 裂解離子資料庫，以進行類固醇身份鑑定，並搭配選擇反應偵測模式 (SRM) 的定量分析，期望利用此策略提供一套更快速準確的分析平台，未來也能應用於其他小分子或其他生物分析上。
2. 水稻 ( Oryza sativa L.) 為全球主要的糧食作物之一，而香味為稻米重要品質性狀之一，香米在全世界許多地區均有很高的商品價值。本研究中採用水稻台農 67 號 (TNG67) 及其疊氮化鈉 (sodium azide, NaN3) 誘導之香米品種 SA0420 進行蛋白質體及生物資訊學分析，以蛋白質體學的方法，鑑定出表現量差異的蛋白質身分，另一方面，利用蛋白質體學提供蛋白質在二維膠體電泳上表現量差異的資訊，作為生物資訊分析的材料，藉用現今生物分析軟體可以整合並以相關性分類資料的功能，尋找導致 TNG67 與 SA0420 產生差異的關鍵性蛋白。實驗結果發現， SA0420 香味會因不同生育期會而有所變化，台農 67 和 SA0420在插秧後第 54、61、68、75天香味程度提高，而在第 68 天香味最為明顯，比較四個差異時期可得到 138 個差異表現之蛋白質點，以整體性分析所有差異蛋白質的結果可發現，主要的差異蛋白皆為重要的代謝合成路徑，包括糖解作用 (glycolysis) 及檸檬酸循環 (tricarboxylic acid cycle) 的作用酵素，經由生物資訊分析可找出 3-磷酸甘油醛&;#33073;&;#27682;&;#37238; (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)、谷氨酸半醛轉胺&;#37238; (glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase, GSA-AT) 兩種與香味合成有關的蛋白質，而在生物分析結果中，有重要表現意義的1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化加氧&;#37238;活化&;#37238; (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase activase)，與 SA0420香味關鍵化合物 2-AP 的前驅物脯胺酸 (proline) 有關，其他蛋白如天門冬胺酸轉胺&;#37238; (aspartate aminotransferase)、基質熱休克相關蛋白 (Stromal 70 kDa heat shock-related protein) 皆在生物資訊分析軟體中找到的重要蛋白。本研究以分析蛋白質點表現量資訊的方法，提供這些可能扮演重要角色的蛋白質，而這些蛋白在台農 67 號與 SA0420 造成的差異，其機制需由進一步基因表現與功能分析來探討。

1. Steroids are essential hormones of human and significant drugs in treatment of inflammation. There are many diseases which related to concentration of steroids in human body. Because most content of endogenous and Anabolic steroids have similar structural characterization with slightly change of functional groups, the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis should be particular about sensitivity and precision. There are developed techniques of steroid analysis which include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), GC-MS, and LC-MS. Among these techniques, ELISA need specific antibody and GC-MS require volatilization of solution sample. However, LC-MS/MS has advantage that detection of complex sample and time-reduced of pretreatment, and it is a rapid and convenient technique for examination of disease and drugs. In this study, a rapid and specific analytical method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) which combined collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) was used to detect doubly derivatized steroids. This approach proved that derivatization with Girard’s reagent P by microwave irradiation led to higher ESI sensitivity of steroids and less time consuming. As the result of derivatized steroids underwent two fragmentation method, CID provides abundant fragment ions which are low m/z, and ETD provides high m/z ions. Besides, sequential fragmentation mechanism of ETD is easy to recognize. Owing to the distinct structure information of ETD expect to improve accuracy, we establish the fragment ions database for steroid identification and quantitative analysis by coupling selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Finally, we expect that rapid and specific analytical method provided here could be a helpful tool for steroids or more biological sample.
2. Rice is an important staple food in world. Aroma is one of the important quality trait and results in high price in the market. In this study, the rice cultivar Tainunr 67 (TNG67) and its aromatic mutant SA0420 derived from sodium azide (NaN3) mutagenesis were used for proteomic and bioinformatic analysis. The proteins of differential expression were identified by proteomic analysis. Beside, the information of differentially expressed protein spots in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was use for bioinformatic analysis. In order to find the key proteins of TNG67 and SA0420, differentially expressed protein spots were integrated and classified by bioinformatic software. As the result of expriment, two traits have increasing aroma in 54, 61, 68, 75 days after transplanting, and the most aroma stage is 68 days after transplanting. There wrer 138 differentially expressed proteins which were obtained by comparison of 2 trait and 4 sampling time. Integral analysis of these differentially expressed proteins was founnd severial enzymes of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase (GSA-AT) which acquired from bioinformatic analysis were related to aroma producton. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase activase (Rubisco activase), significant protein from bioinformatic analysis, was probably related to expreesion of proline, precusor of 2-AP. In addition, some of significant proteins which mechanism of differentially expression in two traits would need more research to confirm, including aspartate aminotransferase and Stromal 70 kDa heat shock-related protein. This study provided significant proteins by picking from information of differentially expressed protein. Further studies will be focused on mechnism of these protein, and to investgate their function and gene expressed analysis.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………...… I-i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………...… I-ii
目錄……………………………………………………………………...… I-iii
圖表目次…………………………………………………………………... I-v

第一章 緒論
第一節 前言……………………………………………………... I-1
第二節 類固醇簡介…………………………………………. . ... I-1
第三節 固醇類分析方法及前人研究…………………………... I-2
3.1 分析方法概述………………………………………….. I-2
3.2 疾病及代謝體分析………………………………...…... I-4
3.3 藥物分析…………………………………………...…... I-4
3.3 衍生化試劑………………………………………...…... I-5
第四節 質譜儀原理…………………………………………...… I-6
4.1 離子源 ─ 電灑游離法……………………………..… I-7
4.2 質量分析器 ─ 離子阱…………………………...…... I-8
第五節 串聯式質譜儀………………………………………...… I-9
第六節 碰撞引致裂解原理…………………………………...… I-10
第七節 電子轉移裂解反應之發展與應用…………………...… I-11
第八節 研究動機…………………………………………...…… I-13
第九節 研究目標……………………………………………...… I-14
第二章 研究材料與方法
第一節 藥品與溶劑…………………………………………...… I-15
第二節 實驗儀器與設備………………………………. . . .…… I-17
第三章 實驗方法
第一節 標準溶液製備…………………………………………... I-18
第二節 衍生化反應…………………………………..…………. I-18
第三節 微波輔助衍生化反應…..………………………………. I-18
第四節 純化衍生化類固醇………………………………..……. I-18
第五節 以直接進樣 (infusion) 方式進樣質譜儀……..………. I-19
第六節 以 LC-MS/MS 方式進樣質譜儀………….……..……. I-19
第七節 類固醇身分鑑定方法……………………………..……. I-20
第八節 選擇反應偵測模式 ……………………………….…… I-21
第四章 結果與討論
第一節 前處理最佳化……………………………………...…… I-23
1.1 衍生化類固醇及微波輔助反應…………………...…... I-23
1.2 純化衍生化類固醇……………. . .………………...….. I-23
1.3 GRT 與 GRP 衍生化結果比較……………..........…... I-24
1.4 比較衍生化固醇與未衍生化固醇訊號強度…....…...... I-24
第二節 直接進樣 (infusion) 分析衍生化固醇類....................... I-24
第三節 CID 與 ETD 裂解結構………………………….…….. I-26
3.1 CID 裂解……………………………………………….. I-26
3.2 ETD 裂解………………………………………………. I-27
3.3 CID 與 ETD 裂解結構比較…………………………... I-27
第四節 類固醇身分鑑定 (Steroid I.D.)………………………… I-27
第五節 定量類固醇初步測試…………………………………... I-28
第六節 研究結果與前人文獻討論……………………………... I-28
6.1 GC-MS 與 LC-MS 分析方法比較..………………….. I-28
6.2 LC-MS 與 LC-MS/MS結構裂解……………………... I-29
6.3 GC-MS 與 GC-MS/MS結構裂解………………...…… I-29
第五章 結論…………….………………………………………………… I-33
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………... I-34
表……………………………………………………………………...…… I-39
圖……………………………………………………………………...…… I-42
附表……………………………………………………………………..…. I-68
附圖……………………………………………………………………..…. I-69


中文摘要……………………………………………………………………… II-i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………… II-ii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………… II-iii
圖表目次……………………………………………………………………… II-v

第一章 緒論
第一節 前言………………………………………………………… II-1
第二節 前人研究…………………………………………………… II-1
2.1 香味分析方法……………………………………………... II-1
2.2 香米香味性狀之遺傳研究………………………………... II-2
2.3 香米香味成分分析………………………………………... II-3
2.4 香味合成途徑探討………………………………………... II-3
第三節 蛋白質體學技術…………………………………………… II-5
3.1 二維膠體電泳分析與質譜分析…………………………... II-5
3.2 蛋白質體學應用於香米分析……………………………... II-6
第四節 生物資訊學於水稻研究…………………………………… II-7
第五節 研究動機與目標…………………………………………… II-10
第六節 研究流程…………………………………………………… II-11
第二章 研究材料與方法
第一節 研究材料與葉片香味……………………………………… II-12
3.1 TNG67 及其香米突變品系 SA0420…………………...... II-12
3.2 香味程度測試 (taste aroma assay) ………………………. II-12
第二節 蛋白質體分析……………………………………………… II-12
3.1 蛋白質萃取及定量………………………………………... II-12
3.2 二維膠體電泳分析………………………………………... II-13
3.3 銀染法 ……………………………………………………. II-14
3.4 蛋白質差異點軟體分析…………………………………... II-14
3.5 液相層析串聯質譜儀分析………………………………... II-14
3.6 蛋白質身分鑑定…………………………………………... II-15
第三節 生物資訊分析…………………………………………….. II-15
3.1 GO蛋白質功能分析………………………………………. II-15
3.2 蛋白質點關連性分析(Interactomic analysis) ……………. II-15
3.3 Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (EQTL) ………………. II-16
第三章 實驗結果
第一節 TNG67 與 SA0420 之香味表現…………………………. II-17
第二節 水稻 TNG67 與 SA0420 之蛋白質表現………………... II-17
第三節 水稻 TNG67 與 SA0420 之二維膠體蛋白質點分析…... II-18
3.1 GAP 軟體分析差異蛋白質點…………………………….. II-18
3.2 BioLayout Express3D 軟體分析差異蛋白質點…………… II-19
3.3 Cytoscape 軟體分析差異蛋白質點………………………. II-19
第四節 水稻 TNG67 與 SA0420 之差異蛋白質分析 II-20
4.1 蛋白質身分鑑定…………………………………………... II-20
4.2 GO (Gene ontology) 功能性分析差異蛋白質…………… II-20
4.3 EQTL (Expression Quantitative Trait Loci) ………………. II-20
第四章 討論
第一節 GAP 與 BioLayout Express3D 分析……………………… II-22
第二節 Cytoscape 分析……………………………………………. II-25
第三節 差異蛋白質之功能分析…………………………………… II-27
第五章 結論………………………………………………………………….. II-29
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………… II-30
表……………………………………………………………………………… II-34
圖……………………………………………………………………………… II-38
附表…………………………………………………………………………… II-50
附圖…………………………………………………………………………… II-51
附錄…………………………………………………………………………… II-53

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