臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現今世界各國對於底拖網漁業對底棲生物環境之破壞均相當重視，台灣西南海域之桁桿式蝦拖網漁業更以電激方法刺激蝦類彈跳以利進入網內漁獲，此漁法已長期使用40年卻未有深入研究報告。本研究係透過漁船實際於海上進行實驗，及於實驗室測試電激之放電效果與影響，以評估其漁獲組成及其漁獲效率對當地海洋生物環境之衝擊，並找出適正電激電量及袋網網目尺寸，以做為本漁業能永續經營之漁業管理基礎資料。其結果如下：
一、漁獲物組成之時空分布特性分析
本研究中桁桿式蝦拖網之三個主要基地----嘉義海域、台南興達港海域及東港海域之漁獲物組成種類分別為142、105、118種，三海區全年度均有出現者有10種。漁獲物經選別分類成上岸與丟棄漁獲後，在前二海域不管以重量或尾數計算均以主要目標漁獲，即上岸蝦類佔最多數，在東港海域則以丟棄漁獲物較多。以歧異指數及群聚分析各漁獲魚種之間的關係，得知影響漁獲組成結構之主要因素為海域別。
二、使用電激與否之漁獲效率比較
由比較使用電激與否以及白天、晚上之漁獲效率，發現電激漁法的最大效果在於白天刺激體型較大又潛沙之上岸蝦類，其電激效率達4.75倍。
三、使用電激對底棲魚蝦之生物影響
魚蝦類受本拖網曳速電激下，並未見電激而致死。蝦體長大小與受電刺激量成正相關。然適度減少放電量至一半，仍能達到刺激蝦彈跳入網目的。在劍角新對蝦（Metapenaeus ensis）種蝦產卵孵化成長存活率比較實驗中，並未發現未受電激組有較佳存活率結果。在漁場作業之電激漁法所解離之氯化銅及氯化亞銅溶液應不致對所實驗之魚、蝦種造成生長影響。
四、丟棄漁獲物之存活率與袋網網目選擇性
丟棄漁獲物被倒回海中後，綜合平均蝦類、蟹類、頭足類、魚類之存活率分別為56.3％、62％、34.8％、8.4％，對丟棄漁獲魚類相當不利。在主要漁獲蝦類中，隨網目增大，不管上岸或丟棄量均有下降趨勢，比較最主要蝦種¾角突彷對蝦(Parapenaeopsis cornuta)之漁獲由商業漁船使用之袋網網目23.5mm，增加到28.0、32.5、37.0mm時其上岸漁獲分別減少6％、21％、47％，丟棄漁獲則分別減少28％、55％、69％，因此考慮漁民之收益及丟棄物之減少合理範圍，建議袋網網目應由28mm逐步擴大為32.5mm較能符合資源保育之目的。

The impact of bottom trawlers on demersal environment has been awarded worldwide. The shrimp beam trawlers in southwestern Taiwan have used electric stimulate to increase the catch for more than 40 years. However, its impacts on these waters have never been evaluated. The objectives of this study are to estimate the catch composition and fishing efficiency and its impact on marine environment. Also it tries to find out the optimal electric power of stimulation and optimal mesh size of cod end. The results derived in this study can be used as a reference for sustainable utilization and fishery management of this fishery. The results are as follows:
1. Spatial and temporal variation of catch composition
There are 142, 105, and 118 species identified from the catches of shrimp beam trawlers in the three major fishing bases namely, Chiayi, Hsingta, and Tongkang, respectively. Only 10 species can be found year round in all three areas. Catch was categorized as landing and discard. Landed shrimps are the major catch no matter in weight or number in the first areas, while bycatch is major catch in Tongkang. Location was found to be the key factor determining the catch composition and structure based on diversity index and cluster analysis.
2. Comparison of fishing efficiency of gears with and without electric stimulate
Comparing the fishing efficiency of gears with and without electric stimulate and, day and night, it is found that the fishing efficiency with electric stimulate is the best for catch landed shrimps in the day time with a 4.75 stimulate efficiency.
3. The impact of electric stimulate on demersal animals
Shrimp size is increasing with increasing electric power of stimulate and no lethal dead was found with normal trawling speed and electric stimulate. The goal of stimulating shrimps can also be achieved by reducing the electric power of 50%. No significant improvement of survival rate of hatching was found for Metapenaeus ensis with electric stimulate. Based on the laboratory experiment, the residuals of Copper Chloride and Cuprous Chloride resulted from electric stimulate have no significant effect on the survival of fishes and shrimps.
4. Survival rate of discards and mesh selectivity
The mean survival rates of discarded shrimp, crab, cephalopods, and fish are estimated to be 56.3%, 62%, 34.8%, and 8.4%, respectively. The landings and discards of dominant shrimp species decrease as the mesh size increases. For example, the landing decreased 6%, 21%, and 47%, and discards decreased 28%, 55%, and 69% for the most common species, Parapenaeopsis cornuta as the mesh size increased from 23.5 mm to 28, 32.5, and 37 mm, respectively. An optimal mesh size was suggested to be 28～32.5 mm based on the consideration of fisherman’s income and discards reduction.

摘要 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
第一章 緒論 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1-1 桁桿式蝦拖網漁業在台灣之發展沿革 ---------------------------- 1
1-2 本漁業在台灣之現況介紹 ------------------------------------------- 2
1-3 本漁業之潛在問題 --------------------------------------------------- 3
1-4 研究動機 -------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1-5 研究目的與重點 ------------------------------------------------------- 6
第二章 漁獲物組成之時空分佈特性分析 ------------------------- 8
2-1 前言 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2-2 材料與方法 ------------------------------------------------------------ 10
2-2-1 資料收集 ---------------------------------------------------------- 10
2-2-2 資料分析 ---------------------------------------------------------- 11
2-3 結果與討論 ---------------------------------------------------------- 13
2-3-1 漁獲物種類組成 ------------------------------------------------ 13
2-3-2上岸與丟棄漁獲之比率 ---------------------------------------- 17
2-3-3上岸與丟棄漁獲之時間變動 ---------------------------------- 17
2-3-4 優勢種之體長頻度比較 ---------------------------------------- 19
2-3-5 生物多樣性指標之分析 --------------------------------------- 20
2-4 結論 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
第三章 使用電激與否之漁獲效率比較 ---------------------------- 24
3-1 前言 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
3-2 材料與方法 ------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3-2-1 資料蒐集 ---------------------------------------------------------- 25
3-2-2 資料分析 -------------------------------------------------- 25
3-3 結果與討論 ------------------------------------------------------------ 26
3-3-1 使用電激與否之漁獲效率比較 ------------------------------ 26
3-3-2 使用電激與否之日夜漁獲比較 ------------------------------ 27
3-3-3 使用電激與否之優勢種漁獲CPUE比較 ------------------ 28
3-3-4 使用電激與否之漁獲體長比較 ------------------------------ 29
3-4 結論 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 29
第四章　使用電激對底棲魚蝦之生物影響 ------------------------- 31
4-1 前言 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
4-2 材料與方法 ------------------------------------------------------------ 32
4-2-1電激在海水中之物理性質 ------------------------------------ 32
4-2-2 魚蝦對電刺激之行為反應 ------------------------------------ 33
4-2-3 被電激與否捕獲之種蝦產卵孵化成長比較 ---------------- 33
4-2-4 氯化銅與氯化亞銅沈積物對底棲魚蝦生物之影響 ------- 34
4-3 結果與討論 ---------------------------------------------------------- 35
4-3-1電激在海水中之物理性質 ------------------------------------ 35
4-3-2 魚蝦對電刺激之行為反應 ------------------------------------ 36
4-3-3被電激與否捕獲之種蝦產卵孵化成長比較 ---------------- 38
4-3-4氯化銅與氯化亞銅沈積物對底棲魚蝦生物之影響 ------- 39
4-4 結論 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
第五章 丟棄漁獲物之存活率與袋網網目選擇性 -------------- 43
5-1 前言 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
5-2 材料與方法 ------------------------------------------------------------ 44
5-2-1 丟棄漁獲物之存活率試驗 ------------------------------------- 44
5-2-2 袋網網目選擇性試驗之野外實驗與資料收集 ------------- 45
5-2-3 袋網網目選擇性試驗之資料分析 ---------------------------- 45
5-3 結果與討論 ----------------------------------------------------------- 47
5-3-1 丟棄漁獲存活率 ------------------------------------------------- 47
5-3-2 優勢種之選擇效果 ---------------------------------------------- 48
5-3-3 不同袋網之漁獲組成及其CPUE --------------------------- 49
5-3-4 袋網網目選擇性比較 ------------------------------------------ 50
5-4 結論 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
第六章　綜合討論 ----------------------------------------------------------- 54
6-1 漁獲物組成之時空分佈特性分析--------------------------- 54
6-2使用電激與否之漁獲效率比較 ------------------------------------ 56
6-3使用電激對底棲魚蝦之生物影響 -------------------------------- 57
6-4丟棄漁獲物存活率與袋網網目選擇性 --------------------------- 58
6-5建議事項 ------------------------------------------------------------- 60
謝辭 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
參考文獻 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
Tables ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112

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