臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

多溴聯苯戴奧辛/呋喃(Polybrominateddibenzo-p-dioxins/furans, PBDD/Fs)逐漸受到矚目，它的存在與廣泛使用溴化阻燃劑(Brominated flame retardants, BFRs)有很大的關聯性。多溴聯苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)是BFRs的其中一種，常被廣泛用於製造商業化阻燃劑(如：五溴聯苯醚、八溴聯苯醚與十溴聯苯醚)。有研究指出PBDEs是PBDD/Fs的前驅物，且有些商業化BFRs在熱解的過程中會釋放或形成PBDD/Fs。灰塵是人類經由非飲食攝入接觸PBDD/Fs的重要來源，而學齡孩童長時間待在教室，因此學校教室有可能是PBDD/Fs的主要來源。因此，本研究目的為調查三種類型灰塵樣品，包括小學(一般教室灰塵(NR)、電腦教室灰塵(CR))與幼兒園教室灰塵(KR)PBDD/Fs濃度，並進一步評估學齡孩童透過灰塵攝入PBDD/Fs之風險。本研究共採集屏東地區27件次教室灰塵，並利用高解析氣相層析質譜儀分析12種PBDD/Fs同構物濃度，NR、CR及KR之ΣPBDD/Fs平均值分別為4.27 ng/g、7.02 ng/g及2.63 ng/g，毒性當量濃度分別為0.0353、0.0571和0.0170 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g，這三種類型教室也沒有發現顯著的差異。而在一般教室中發現，電腦數量與濃度有非常顯著的相關性(p = 0.006)，表示電子產品可能是影響濃度的因子。進一步評估一般教室和幼兒園教室這兩種類型教室灰塵之每日攝入量、致癌風險及非致癌風險，結果顯示3~9歲學齡孩童經由灰塵攝入之風險評估皆無超過建議值。

Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants which are highly associated with brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of BFRs which widely used in commercial BFRs products including Penta-, Octa, Deca-mixtures. Previous study demonstrated PBDEs as a precursor of PBDD/Fs and pyrolysis of some commercial BFRs have led to the formation and release of PBDD/Fs. Dust is an important sample of human non-dietary exposure to PBDD/Fs, especially for children. School classrooms maybe one of the major exposure sources for the school-age children to PBDD/Fs since they need to spend more times in their classrooms in each school day. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate concentrations of PBDD/Fs in three type of dusts sample including elementary school (Normal classroom (NR) and Computer classroom (CR))and kindergarten classroom (KR) dust to further assess the impact on the school-age children via dust ingestion. In the present study, 27 classroom dust samples were collected in Pingtung area and 12 PBDD/Fs congeners were measured in each dust sample by using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The mean of ΣPBDD/Fs in NR, CR and KR were 4.27, 7.02 and 2.63 ng/g, respectively. Following to the toxic equivalents (TEQ) of World Health Organization in 2005 (WHO2005-TEQs), the mean of ΣPBDD/Fs TEQ were 0.0353, 0.0571 and 0.0170 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g. However, no significant differences were to be found in this study. The significant correlation between computer counts and PBDD/Fs (p = 0.006) were observed in this study. This result indicated electronic products maybe a potential influence factor corresponding with PBDD/Fs levels. To assess the risks (daily intake and cancer and non-cancer risks) of PBDD/Fs for the elementary school children from 3 to 6 and 6 to 9 years old through two type classroom dusts, the calculated risk values were not exceeded the thresholds.

摘要 I
Abstract III
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XI
1.前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 2
2.文獻回顧 3
2.1多溴聯苯戴奧辛基本性質 3
2.2多溴聯苯戴奧辛毒理性質 6
2.3多溴聯苯戴奧辛生成機制或來源 8
2.4多溴聯苯戴奧辛於環境中的流佈 9
2.4.1土壤 9
2.4.2底泥 10
2.4.3大氣 11
2.4.4灰塵 11
2.5 健康風險 (土壤或灰塵攝入) 對小孩大人 12
3.材料與方法 14
3.1研究對象之收集 15
3.1.1研究地點 15
3.1.2問卷調查 17
3.1.3樣品收集與保存 17
3.2 儀器與方法 20
3.2.1儀器設備與材料 20
3.2.2試劑 21
3.3樣品前處理 22
3.3.1索式萃取 22
3.3.2 酸洗&酸性矽膠管柱淨化 23
3.3.3 酸性氧化鋁管柱&活性碳管柱淨化 23
3.4儀器分析 24
3.5品保品管 24
3.5.1 內標準品回收率 25
3.5.2方法空白分析及空白基質添加待測物標準品回收率 25
3.6統計 26
3.7每日攝入量與健康風險評估 26
4.結果與討論 28
4.1小學教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度 28
4.1.1小學一般教室(NR)地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度 28
4.1.2小學電腦教室(CR)地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度 32
4.2 幼兒園教室(KR)地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度 37
4.3 比較各國灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度分佈 42
4.4教室地板灰塵之之健康風險評估 44
5.結論與建議 45
5.1結論 45
5.2建議 45
參考文獻 46
附錄 52
作者簡介 60

表目錄
表2-1、PBDD/Fs物化特性 4
表2-2、PBDD/Fs異構物數目、化學式及確實分子量 5
表2-3、17種法規規範戴奧辛同構物毒性當量係數值(TEF) 7
表2-4、PBDD/Fs每日攝入量評估及吸入PBDD/Fs之潛在致癌風險[39] 13
表3-1、小學採樣地點代號對照表 16
表3-2、幼兒園採樣地點代號對照表 17
表3-3、公式代號定義 26
表4-1、小學一般教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度(ng/g) 29
表4-2、一般教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs與問卷參數之相關性 30
表4-3、小學電腦教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度(ng/g) 33
表4-4、電腦教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs與問卷參數之相關性 34
表4-5、一般、電腦教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度與問卷參數之相關性 35
表4-6、幼兒園地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度(ng/g) 38
表4-7、幼兒園教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs與問卷參數之相關性 39
表4-8、幼兒園與一般教室地板灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度與問卷參數之相關性 40
表4-9、比較各國灰塵中PBDD/Fs濃度 42
表4-10、學齡孩童經由攝入小學、幼兒園教室地板灰塵之健康風險評估 43
圖目錄
圖2-1、多溴聯苯戴奧辛/呋喃化學結構式 3
圖2-2、由PBDEs轉化成PBDD/Fs之形成途徑[6] 9
圖3-1、研究架構圖 14
圖3-2、小學之採樣點示意圖 15
圖3-3、幼兒園之採樣點示意圖 16
圖3-4、採樣流程 19
圖4-1、一般教室灰塵樣品濃度貢獻比 30
圖4-2、電腦教室灰塵樣品濃度貢獻比 34
圖4-3、一般、電腦教室灰塵樣品同構物平均濃度貢獻比 35
圖4-4、幼兒園灰塵樣品濃度貢獻比 39

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