臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在這份研究中，我研發了一個系統化的流程，用以處理巡天計畫（泛星計畫與帕洛馬巡天）所拍攝到的木族彗星影像。影像分析程式有三個主要功能：挖掘出有拍攝到彗星的觀測影像；辨認彗星是否有噴發活動；並且測量彗星的活躍程度。一般來說，彗星活動主要是由水冰的揮發作用所主導，在這裡我採用了水的雪線作為判斷標準，將所以分析過的木族彗星根據其特性分為四個類別：典型活動彗星，彗星活動只出現在雪線範圍內；非典型活動彗星，在雪線外仍可能發生彗星噴發活動；低度活躍彗星，在觀測影像中不曾出現過彗星活動；以及無法偵測到的彗星，彗星訊號不曾出現在預測的影像區域。

我同時也使用Mercury軟體來分析木族彗星的動力學特徵。結合觀測資料與軌道數值模擬，由於彗星核心保存的揮發性物質是有限的，我們可以建立起彗星活動特性與動力學時間尺度兩者之間的關聯。論文中詳細的討論了造成彗星活動如此多變的可能原因。

I developed a systematic method to analyze the snapshot images from sky survey projects such as the Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1) and Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) on all the numbered Jupiter Family Comets (JFCs). There are three objectives for my image processing pipeline to handling the five years survey data: to find out images that contains target of interest; to identify the signature of coma activity; and to measure the level of outgassing activity. Given that cometary activities are generally triggered by the sublimation of water ice, I introduce the water ice snowline at 3 au as an indicator for the comet classification. All comets analyzed in this work are classified into four groups based on its behaviors: regular active comets with coma activities within the snowline only, abnormal active comets with coma activities detected beyond the snowline, low active comets that are always inactive and appear as point-like sources, and undetectable comets.

I also use the Mercury integrator to study dynamic features of JFCs by numerical methods. Combining the observational and numerical results, a connection between active behaviors and dynamics has been established: due to the limited amount of volatiles in the cometary nuclei, dynamic age roughly reflects the appearance of cometary activity. A detail discussion is given in this thesis for possible explanations of various cometary activities.

1 Introduction........................................................ 1
1.1 The Nature of Comets.............................................................. 1

1.2 Dynamical classification and its origin ..................................... 2

1.3 Coma activity........................................................................... 4

1.4 The diversity of cometary activities ......................................... 6

2 Sky survey project.............................................. 8
2.1 Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 ... 8
2.1.1 Optical design and performances ............................... 8
2.1.2 Survey modes and constraints.................................... 10
2.1.3 Data flow, Image processing pipelines (IPP, MOPS, DVO), and Postage image server ............................... 10
2.2 Palomar Transient Factory....................................................... 11
2.2.1 Optical design and performances ............................... 11
2.2.2 The image processing and retrieving system.............. 12

3 Image analysis .................................................... 14
3.1 Algorithm to search for cometary activities ............................. 14
3.1.1 Modeling the PSF shape of image ............................. 14
3.1.2 Comparing the intensity profile ................................. 18
3.1.3 Criteria of the existing coma ..................................... 18
3.2 Afρ estimation on Jupiter Family Comets .............................. 20
3.2.1 The color of the Sun .................................................. 21
3.2.2 Integrating the brightness of the comet ..................... 22
iii3.3 Pipeline of the image analysis process...................................... 23
3.4 Quality control ......................................................................... 25

4 Activity History of Jupiter Family Comet ......... 27
4.1 Limitation of the sky survey dataset........................................ 27
4.2 Discovery of a recurrent comet in the JFC population: 289P/2003
WY25 ....................................................................................... 29
4.2.1 History of comet 289P/2003WY25 ............................ 29
4.2.2 Outburst event........................................................... 30
4.3 Classification of activity history ............................................... 31
4.3.1 Type I: regular activity.............................................. 31
4.3.2 Type II: abnormal activity......................................... 33
4.3.3 Type III: low activity................................................. 39
4.3.4 Type IV: no detection................................................ 45
4.3.5 The nature of cometary activity ................................ 49
4.4 Statistical results...................................................................... 51
4.4.1 Activity appearances and orbital parameter.............. 52
4.4.2 Asymmetry of pre/post perihelion activity................ 52
4.4.3 Possibility of distant activity in JFC population ....... 54
4.4.4 Distant activity and perihelion distance .................... 55
4.5 False detection and other systematic problems ........................ 55

5 Dynamical study................................................. 58
5.1 Orbital integrator and initial parameters ................................. 59
5.2 Orbital evolution history .......................................................... 59
5.3 Parameterize the orbital evolution history ............................... 60
5.3.1 Mean age in JFC population (Age JFC ) ..................... 60
5.3.2 Cumulative time within water ice snow line (Age 3au ) 61
5.3.3 Change of perihelion distance in the past 50 years (∆q|50yrs ).................................................................... 62
5.3.4 Maximum divergent time ........................................... 63
5.4 Result ....................................................................................... 63
5.4.1 The JFC age and its journey within the 3 au snow line ............................................................................. 63
5.4.2 The degree of outgassing activity .............................. 65
5.5 The quasi-Hilda Comets........................................................... 66

6 Summary and future work.................................. 69
6.1 Summary .................................................................................. 69
6.2 Future work.............................................................................. 71
6.2.1 Intensive study on some interesting targets ............... 71
6.2.2 Monitoring the cometary activity history .................. 71
Bibliography ............................................................ 73

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