臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討審計與非審計公費的決定因素並釐清兩者間的影響關係。一般認為，審計與非審計公費會因為知識外溢效果導致兩者呈正相關。但本研究懷疑，會計師事務所與受查者在議定公費價格時，雙方之特性及受查者購買非審計服務的考量可能共同決定了審計及非審計的公費價格。研究方法是分別建立審計與非審計公費模型，先以單一方程式模型估計，以證實過去關於兩公費存在正向關係的發現，再探討兩公費模型是否具有內生性的問題。
然而實證結果雖發現，受查者的規模、事務所規模均會增加審計與非審計公費。而其他影響因素，如公司的獲利能力、財務結構及代理成本，對兩種公費的意義與影響方向卻不一定相同。Hausman外生性檢定的結果，無法證明審計與非審計公費互為內生變數，因此不需考慮審計與非審計公費具有共同決定性。
換言之，本研究支持過去學者之推論 ─ 產生非審計服務的需求部分來自於審計與非審計服務同時提供所生的「知識外溢」效果，會計師事務所的成本降低反映於公費的折扣，而形成一種會計師提供的經濟誘因，但僅限於非重複性的非審計服務提供，因特定需求之一次性非審計服務則無。此外，本研究也發現大、小型事務所與個別事務所，以及事務所對大、小型客戶，其審計與非審計公費的訂價策略也有所不同。當知識外溢效果證明已存在，我們可推論受查者可能因為得到邊際價格降低的好處而增加服務的購買量及總公費，同時由於會計師獲得了額外的經濟租而使外界質疑其獨立性受損，因此造成受查者將自行衡量其成本效益後決定兩種服務的購買量。

The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of audit and non-audit fees and to clarify the association between them. Most people consider that audit and non-audit fees have a positive correlation resulted from “knowledge spillover”. But we suspect that the characteristics of auditors and auditees, and the auditees’ consideration to purchasing non-audit services simultaneously determine audit and non-audit fees in pricing. The methodology is to build the models of audit and non-audit fees, respectively, for estimating single-equation models to confirm prior findings of the positive association between them, and to test whether endogeneity exists in two fee models.
The results indicate both the audit firm and auditee size increase audit and non-audit fees. However, the meanings and influences of other factors, such as auditees’ profitability, financial structure and agency cost, are not all the same. Hausman tests of exogeneity provide no evidence that audit and non-audit fees are endogeneous variables each other. It suggests that it is unnecessary to consider the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees.
Namely, this study supports that the inference of prior studies — the demand of non-audit services is partly derived from “knowledge spillover” in joint supply of audit and non-audit services. The decrease of audit firm’s cost is reflected on fee deduction, producing an auditor-provided economic inducement., but this is the case for recurring non-audit services, not for nonrecurring ones for specific demand. Moreover, the results also suggest that the pricing strategies in big/small or individual audit firms are different, as well as to big/small clients. We conclude that when knowledge spillover is verified, two results are possible. First, the reduction in the marginal cost of services motivates the auditee to demand a larger quantity of these services, and then total fees increase. Second, the auditor earns additional economics rents, and then the independence of the firm may be impaired. Therefore, the auditee will trade off between the cost and benefits of spending two services.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機與目的 4
第三節 論文架構與研究流程 6
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 審計公費之決定因素及其與審計品質之關係 8
第二節 非審計服務及審計公費之關係 21
第三章 研究方法 33
第一節 建立研究假說 33
第二節 變數衡量及研究設計 34
第三節 資料來源及樣本選取 43
第四章 實證結果與分析 48
第一節 敘述統計分析 48
第二節 多變量迴歸之實證結果與分析 58
第三節 進一步之實證測試與分析 65
第五章 結論及建議 81
第一節 研究結論 81
第二節 研究限制 83
參考文獻 85

參考文獻
李珮珮，民90，審計公費決定因素之再探討，東吳大學會計學系碩士論文。
林柄滄，民89，會計師管理諮詢業務的獨立戰爭，會計研究月刊180期，11月份，p.75-80。
林雅菁，民85，審計公費影響因素之研究，東吳大學會計學系碩士論文。
翁文課，民88，非審計服務、事務所規模與審計公費之關聯性研究，國立中正大學會計學系碩士論文。
Abdel-khalik, A. R. 1990. The jointness of audit fees and demand for MAS: A self-selection analysis. Comtemporary accounting research 6 (2-1): 295-322.
Anderson, T. and D.Zeghal. 1994. The pricing of audit services: Further evidence from the Canadian market. Accounting and Business Research 24 (95): 195-207.
Antle, R., E. A. Gordon, G. Narayanamoorthy, and L. Zhou. The Joint determination of audit fees, non-auditfees, and abnormal accruals. Yale School of Management, Rutgers University. Working paper.
Barkess, L. and R. Simnett. 1994. The pricing of other services by auditors: Independence and pricing issues. Accounting and Business Research 24 (94): 91-108.
Beck, P. J., T. J. Frecka, and I. Solomon. 1988a. A model of the market for MAS and audit services: Knowledge spillovers and auditor-auditee bonding. Journal of Accounting Literature 7: 50-64.
--, T. J. Frecka, and I. Solomon. 1988b. An empirical analysis of the relationship between MAS involvement and auditor tenure: Implications for auditor independence. Journal of Accounting Literature 7: 65-84.
Butterworth, S. and K. A. Houghton. 1993. Auditor switching and the pricing of audit services. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 22 (3): 323-344.
Cassell B-L. 2002. Auditors still perform nonaudit services. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) April 3.pg C.1.
--. 2003. Accounting firms earn more from consulting — Despite SEC crackdown, buying nonaudit services by companies stays high. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) April 16.pg C.9.
Craswell, A. T., J. R. Francis, and S. L. Taylor. 1995. Auditor brand name reputations and industry specializations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 20 (3): 297-322.
-- and J. R. Francis. 1999. Pricing initial audit engagements: A test of competing theories. The Accounting Review 74 (2): 201-216.
--. 1999. Does the provision of non-audit services impair auditor independence? International Journal of Auditing 3 (1): 29-40.
Davis, L. R., D. N. Ricchiute, and G. Trompeter. 1993. Audit effort, audit fees and the provision of non-audit services. The Accounting Review 68 (1): 135-150.
DeAngelo, L..1981. Auditor Size and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3 (3): 183-199.
DeFond, M. L., K. Raghunandan, and K. R. Subramanyam. 2002. Do non-audit service fees impair auditor independence? Evidence from going concern audit opinions. Journal of Accounting Research 40 (4): 1247-1274.
--, J. R. Francis, and T. J. Wong. 2000. Auditor industry specialization and market segmentation: Evidence from Hong Kong. Auditing 19 (1): 49-66.
Ezzamel, M., D. R. Gwilliam, and K. M. Holland. 1996. Some empirical evidence from publicly quoted UK companies on the relationship between the pricing of audit and non-audit services. Accounting and Business Research 27 (1): 3-16.
Ferguson M., G. Seow, and D. Young. 2000. The effect of nonaudit services on audit quality. Working paper.
Firth, M., 1997. The provision of non-audit services by accounting firms to their Audit clients. Contemporary Accounting Research 14 (2): 1-21.
--. 2002. Auditor-provided consultancy services and their associations with audit fees and audit opinions. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 29 (5/6): 661-693.
Francis, J. R.. 1984. The effect of audit firm size on audit prices: A study of the Australian market. Journal of Accounting & Economics 6 (2): 133-151.
-- and D. J. Stokes. 1986. Audit prices, product differentiation, and scale economies: Further evidence from the Australian market. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (2): 383-393.
-- and D. T. Simon. 1987. A test of audit pricing in the small-client segment of the U.S. audit market. The Accounting Review 62 (1): 145-157.
Frankel R. M., M. F. Johnson, and K. K. Nelson. 2002. The relation between auditors'' fees for nonaudit services and earnings management. The Accounting Review 77 (Supplement): 71-105.
Hausman, J. A.. 1987. Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica 46: 1251-1274
Houghton, K. A. and C. C. Ikin. 2001. Auditor provided non-auditor services: Modelling fees and willingness to buy. Working paper.
Jenson, M. and W. Meckling. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency cost and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305-360.
Klein, B. and K. B. Leffler. 1981. The role of market forces in assuring contractual performance. Journal of Political Economy 89 (4): 615-641.
Menon. K.. 2001. Long-term trends in audit fees. Auditing 20 (1): 115-136.
O’Keefe, T., D. A. Simunic and M. Stein. 1994. The production of audit services: Evidence from a major public accounting firm. Journal of Accounting Research 32 (2): 241-261.
Palmrose, Z-V. 1986. Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (1): 97-110.
--. 1986. The effect of non-audit services on the pricing of audit services. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (2): 405-411.
Parkash, M. and C. F. Venable. 1993. Audit incentives for auditor independence: The case for non-audit services. The Accounting Review 68 (1): 113-133.
Pearson, T. and G. Trompeter. 1994. Competition in the market for audit services: The effect of supplier concentration on audit fees. Contemporary Accounting Research 11 (1): 115-135.
Pindyck R. S. and D. L. Rubinfeld. 1995. Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. 4th ed.. McGraw-Hill.
Salierno, D..2002. Nonaudit services on the decline. The Internal Auditor 59 (6): 16
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 2000. Final Rule: Revision of the Commission auditor independence requirements. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Simon, D. T. 1985. The audit services market: Additional empirical evidence. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 5 (1): 71-78.
Simunic, D. A..1980. The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 18 (1): 161-190.
--. 1984. Auditing, consulting and auditor independence. Journal of Accounting Research 22 (2): 679-702.
--. 1995. The auditing marketplace. CA Magazine 128 (1): 53-57
Talor, M. and R. Baker.1981. An analysis of external audit fees. Accounting and Business Research 12 (5): 55-60.
Turpen, R. A.. 1990. Differential pricing on auditors’ initial engagements: Further evidence. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 9 (2): 60-76.
Watts, R. and J. Zimmerman. 1983. Agency problems, auditing, and the theory of the firm:some evidence. Journal of Law and Economics 26 (4): 613-633.
-- and J. Zimmerman, 1986. Positive Accounting Theory. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Whisenant, S., S. Sankaraguruswamy, and K. Raghunandan. 2003. Evidence on the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees. Journal of Accounting Research 41 (4): 581-744.
參考文獻
李珮珮，民90，審計公費決定因素之再探討，東吳大學會計學系碩士論文。
林柄滄，民89，會計師管理諮詢業務的獨立戰爭，會計研究月刊180期，11月份，p.75-80。
林雅菁，民85，審計公費影響因素之研究，東吳大學會計學系碩士論文。
翁文課，民88，非審計服務、事務所規模與審計公費之關聯性研究，國立中正大學會計學系碩士論文。
Abdel-khalik, A. R. 1990. The jointness of audit fees and demand for MAS: A self-selection analysis. Comtemporary accounting research 6 (2-1): 295-322.
Anderson, T. and D.Zeghal. 1994. The pricing of audit services: Further evidence from the Canadian market. Accounting and Business Research 24 (95): 195-207.
Antle, R., E. A. Gordon, G. Narayanamoorthy, and L. Zhou. The Joint determination of audit fees, non-auditfees, and abnormal accruals. Yale School of Management, Rutgers University. Working paper.
Barkess, L. and R. Simnett. 1994. The pricing of other services by auditors: Independence and pricing issues. Accounting and Business Research 24 (94): 91-108.
Beck, P. J., T. J. Frecka, and I. Solomon. 1988a. A model of the market for MAS and audit services: Knowledge spillovers and auditor-auditee bonding. Journal of Accounting Literature 7: 50-64.
--, T. J. Frecka, and I. Solomon. 1988b. An empirical analysis of the relationship between MAS involvement and auditor tenure: Implications for auditor independence. Journal of Accounting Literature 7: 65-84.
Butterworth, S. and K. A. Houghton. 1993. Auditor switching and the pricing of audit services. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 22 (3): 323-344.
Cassell B-L. 2002. Auditors still perform nonaudit services. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) April 3.pg C.1.
--. 2003. Accounting firms earn more from consulting — Despite SEC crackdown, buying nonaudit services by companies stays high. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition) April 16.pg C.9.
Craswell, A. T., J. R. Francis, and S. L. Taylor. 1995. Auditor brand name reputations and industry specializations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 20 (3): 297-322.
-- and J. R. Francis. 1999. Pricing initial audit engagements: A test of competing theories. The Accounting Review 74 (2): 201-216.
--. 1999. Does the provision of non-audit services impair auditor independence? International Journal of Auditing 3 (1): 29-40.
Davis, L. R., D. N. Ricchiute, and G. Trompeter. 1993. Audit effort, audit fees and the provision of non-audit services. The Accounting Review 68 (1): 135-150.
DeAngelo, L..1981. Auditor Size and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3 (3): 183-199.
DeFond, M. L., K. Raghunandan, and K. R. Subramanyam. 2002. Do non-audit service fees impair auditor independence? Evidence from going concern audit opinions. Journal of Accounting Research 40 (4): 1247-1274.
--, J. R. Francis, and T. J. Wong. 2000. Auditor industry specialization and market segmentation: Evidence from Hong Kong. Auditing 19 (1): 49-66.
Ezzamel, M., D. R. Gwilliam, and K. M. Holland. 1996. Some empirical evidence from publicly quoted UK companies on the relationship between the pricing of audit and non-audit services. Accounting and Business Research 27 (1): 3-16.
Ferguson M., G. Seow, and D. Young. 2000. The effect of nonaudit services on audit quality. Working paper.
Firth, M., 1997. The provision of non-audit services by accounting firms to their Audit clients. Contemporary Accounting Research 14 (2): 1-21.
--. 2002. Auditor-provided consultancy services and their associations with audit fees and audit opinions. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 29 (5/6): 661-693.
Francis, J. R.. 1984. The effect of audit firm size on audit prices: A study of the Australian market. Journal of Accounting & Economics 6 (2): 133-151.
-- and D. J. Stokes. 1986. Audit prices, product differentiation, and scale economies: Further evidence from the Australian market. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (2): 383-393.
-- and D. T. Simon. 1987. A test of audit pricing in the small-client segment of the U.S. audit market. The Accounting Review 62 (1): 145-157.
Frankel R. M., M. F. Johnson, and K. K. Nelson. 2002. The relation between auditors'' fees for nonaudit services and earnings management. The Accounting Review 77 (Supplement): 71-105.
Hausman, J. A.. 1987. Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica 46: 1251-1274
Houghton, K. A. and C. C. Ikin. 2001. Auditor provided non-auditor services: Modelling fees and willingness to buy. Working paper.
Jenson, M. and W. Meckling. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency cost and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305-360.
Klein, B. and K. B. Leffler. 1981. The role of market forces in assuring contractual performance. Journal of Political Economy 89 (4): 615-641.
Menon. K.. 2001. Long-term trends in audit fees. Auditing 20 (1): 115-136.
O’Keefe, T., D. A. Simunic and M. Stein. 1994. The production of audit services: Evidence from a major public accounting firm. Journal of Accounting Research 32 (2): 241-261.
Palmrose, Z-V. 1986. Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (1): 97-110.
--. 1986. The effect of non-audit services on the pricing of audit services. Journal of Accounting Research 24 (2): 405-411.
Parkash, M. and C. F. Venable. 1993. Audit incentives for auditor independence: The case for non-audit services. The Accounting Review 68 (1): 113-133.
Pearson, T. and G. Trompeter. 1994. Competition in the market for audit services: The effect of supplier concentration on audit fees. Contemporary Accounting Research 11 (1): 115-135.
Pindyck R. S. and D. L. Rubinfeld. 1995. Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. 4th ed.. McGraw-Hill.
Salierno, D..2002. Nonaudit services on the decline. The Internal Auditor 59 (6): 16
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 2000. Final Rule: Revision of the Commission auditor independence requirements. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Simon, D. T. 1985. The audit services market: Additional empirical evidence. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 5 (1): 71-78.
Simunic, D. A..1980. The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 18 (1): 161-190.
--. 1984. Auditing, consulting and auditor independence. Journal of Accounting Research 22 (2): 679-702.
--. 1995. The auditing marketplace. CA Magazine 128 (1): 53-57
Talor, M. and R. Baker.1981. An analysis of external audit fees. Accounting and Business Research 12 (5): 55-60.
Turpen, R. A.. 1990. Differential pricing on auditors’ initial engagements: Further evidence. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 9 (2): 60-76.
Watts, R. and J. Zimmerman. 1983. Agency problems, auditing, and the theory of the firm:some evidence. Journal of Law and Economics 26 (4): 613-633.
-- and J. Zimmerman, 1986. Positive Accounting Theory. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Whisenant, S., S. Sankaraguruswamy, and K. Raghunandan. 2003. Evidence on the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees. Journal of Accounting Research 41 (4): 581-744.