臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

忽略偏誤是作決定時非理性行為，忽略損失較小或相同可行方案，偏好忽略不會比較差的可行方案，所做的選擇相較於忽略的方案所獲得結果損害更大或相等。
最近的研究大多傾向以負向表列對受測者測驗反應，未考慮框架效應(framing effect)，可能不足以敘述決策者所面臨的情境。本研究以疫苗接種(預防)及藥物治療(治療)案例情境，對受測者進行實驗。本研究採實驗設計法，分組抽樣以區分專業-非專業、正向表列-負向表列，比較專業與非專業間、正反兩面呈現資訊差異影響，組內以 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 因子隨機設計，自變數為「治療-預防」、「醫療-不處理」、「結果相同-不同」、「機率高-低」、「直接造成結果(副作用)-間接造成結果(醫療失效感染疾病)」，應變數為偏誤趨向。統計學方法以成對樣本t檢定、獨立樣本t檢定與多變量分析來驗證假設。
整體現象中「負向表列」可選擇的行動方案中二方案損失結果相同，「非醫療專業者」的忽略偏誤大於「醫療專業者」，「正向表列」忽略偏誤大於「負向表列」；當行動方案中損失結果不同，「醫療專業者」忽略偏誤大於「非醫療專業者」。
在預防與治療之差異上，發現忽略偏誤在二方案損失結果相同時「非醫療專業人員」顯示較大的忽略偏誤，而且在「負向表列」下「醫療專業人員」忽略偏誤是「預防」大於「治療」。當行動方案中損失結果不同，「醫療專業人員」顯示較大的忽略偏誤，在「負向表列」下「非醫療專業人員」忽略偏誤是「治療」大於「預防」，「醫療專業人員」忽略偏誤是「預防」大於「治療」。

Omission bias is not the rational behavior during making decision. It will cause more or the same damages with neglecting the not-the-worst scheme.
Recently, using the negative representation becomes the widespread way on testing the respondents. Overall the outcome cannot fully explain the sitution if not consider the framing effect. With the vaccination and the cure undergoing, we manipulate the omission bias into both positive and negative framing.
When consequences of both options are the same, omission bias of negative representation is higher than positive representation. Under non-medical specialist deflect more. However, under the negative representation, medical specialists’ omission bias perform higher in cure than in prevention. When consequences of both options are not the same, omission bias of medical specialists is higher than non-medical specialists’ .
Under the negative representation, non-medical specialists’ omission bias is higher prevention than in cure when consequences of both options are the same. Moreover, under the negative representation, non-medical specialists’ omission bias is higher in prevention than in cure, while medical specialists’ omission bias of cure is higher than in prevention when consequences of both options are not the same.

目錄

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌 謝 III
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
附錄 VIII
第1章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 3
1.2 研究動機 4
1.3 研究目的 7
1.4 研究範圍 7
1.5 研究流程 9
第2章 文獻探討 12
2.1 有關忽略偏誤研究 12
2.1.1 忽略偏誤(omission bias) 12
2.1.2 行動偏誤(opposite bias ,action bias)現象 13
2.1.3 維持現狀的偏誤（status quo bias） 14
2.1.4 期待後果好的情形行動(act)或是忽略(omission)的偏誤 15
2.1.5 預期(expectation)應當情形行動(act)或是忽略(omission)的偏誤 16
2.1.6 「直接」與「間接」成因導致的偏誤 17
2.1.7 常態採取標準行動導致行動或是忽略的偏誤 19
2.2 有關框架效應(Framing Effect)研究 20
2.2.1框架效應 20
2.2.2 框架效應相關研究 21
2.2.3 期望理論(Prospect Theory) 25
2.3 小結 28
第3章 研究設計 31
3.1 研究架構 31
3.2 研究假說 32
3.2.1問題 32
3.2.2推論與研究假說 32
3.3 變數的定義與衡量 49
3.3.1自變數 50
3.3.2 應變因素 51
3.3.3 尺度 52
3.4 實驗設計 52
3.4.1 抽樣設計 53
3.4.2 實驗方式 53
3.5 問卷動態網頁製作過程 58
3.5.1 動態網頁原理 58
3.5.2 動態網頁問卷與網站架設過程 59
3.6 先導測試 60
3.6.1 無效問卷之判定 61
3.6.2 提升作答意願 61
3.7 資料蒐集與分析 62
3.7.1 資料蒐集與抽樣樣本描述 62
3.7.2 資料分析方法 64
第4章 研究結果分析 65
4.1 說明所用的統計方法 65
4.2 忽略偏誤當可選方案中損失情形相同時情況 67
4.3 可選擇的行動方案中損失結果不同「間接造成死亡(感染)大於直接造成死亡(副作用) 」 71
4.2 實驗結果 76
4.4.1 忽略偏誤在框架效應與醫療專業背景的影響 80
4.4.2 忽略偏誤整體的現象 81
第5章 結論與建議 84
5.1 研究主題與結論 84
5.2 研究限制 85
5.3 後續研究與建議 86
第6章 參考文獻： 87

中文文獻：
中央社新聞(2004)，「衛生署疾病管制局證實，兩名嬰兒疑因疫苗導致小兒麻痺」，http://health.healthonline.com.tw/news/n543.html。
邱政洵(2005)，「流行性感冒與預防接種」，嘉義長庚醫院小兒科主任，長庚醫院衛教園地，www.cgmh.org.tw/intr/intr5/c6a100/subspecial/ infection/education/流行性感冒與預防接種.htm。
陳淑芳(2003). 「確保疫苗的安全有效－－標準冷貯、運送及正確管控、接種是不二法則」,衛生署疾病管制局預防接種防治組科長，http://203.65.72.83/vm/doc/2003/200301。
楊琇芳 (2004) ，「不同任務特徵下的偏好反轉和任務折衷效果」， 國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，pp.20-31。
趙敏秀(2002)，「情緒性消費和實用性消費的衡量與比較」，國立高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通管理所碩士論文，pp.23-24。
蕭文峰(2002)，「規範性與描述性決策理論之比較」，國防大學國防管理學院電算中心教官，蕭文峰個人網頁http://members.tripod.com/mis_nos/studying/decision_model.htm。
顏淑鈴(2004) ，「個人涉入和事件風險對目標框架的影響」，中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文pp.4-6。

英文文獻：
Asch, D., Baron J. Hershey J.C., Kunreuther H., Meszaros J., Ritov I., Spranca M., (1994)，"Determinants of resistance to pertussis vaccination", Medical Decision Making,Volume 14,pp.118-123.
Baron J. & Ritov I.(2004),”Omission bias, individual differences, and normality”,Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 94,pp.74-85.
Baron,J.(1992), "The effect of normative beliefs on anticipated emotions", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,Volume 63,pp.320-330.
Baron, J., Leshner S. (2000), "How serious are expressions of protected values", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied,Volume 6,pp. 183-194.
Baron, J., Ritov I. (1993),, "Intuitions about penalties and compensation in the context of tort law", Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Volume 7, pp. 17-33.
Baron, J., Ritov I. (1994),"Reference points and omission bias", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 59, pp. 475-498.
Cohen, B.J., Pauker S.G. (1994), "How do physicians weigh iatrogenic complications?", Journal of General Internal Medicine, Volume 9, pp. 20-23.
Connolly, T., Reb J.(2003) ,"Omission bias in vaccination decisions: Where's the “omission”? Where's the “bias”?", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 91, pp. 186-202.
David E. Bell, Howard Raiffa, & Amos Tversky(1999) ,”Decision Making”, Cambridge ,pp.167-192.
Franklin, Franklin, B. (1771–1778), The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Available: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Fra2Aut.html
Guidelines for Translation Agreement—VIEW, Center for Creative Learning, www.creativelearning.com
Haidt, J., Baron J. (1996),"Social roles and the moral judgment of acts and omissions", European Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 26, pp. 201-218.
Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky（1979）,“Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk”,Econometrica, Volume 47（March）, pp.263-291.
Levin, I. P., & Gaeth, G. J. (1988),“How consumer are affected by the framing of attribute information before and after consuming the product.”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 52, pp.269-278.
Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998),“All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 76,pp. 149-188.
Meszaros, J.R., Asch D.A., Baron J., Hershey J.C., Kunreuther H., Schwartz-Buzaglo J.(1996),"Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children", Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Volume 49, pp. 697-703.
Patt, A., Zeckhauser R.(2000) ,"Action bias and environmental decisions", Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Volume 21, pp. 45-72.
Petrinovich, L., O'Neill P. (1996),"Influence of wording and framing effects on moral intuitions", Ethology and Sociobiology, Volume 17, pp. 145-171.
Prentice, R.A., Koehler J.J. (2003), "A normality bias in legal decision making", Cornell Law Review, Volume 88, pp. 583-650.
Ritov, I., Baron J. (1992), "Status-quo and omission bias", Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Volume 5, pp. 49-61.
Ritov, I., Baron J. (1995), "Outcome knowledge, regret, and omission bias", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 64, pp. 119-127.
Ritov, I., Baron J. (1999),"Protected values and omission bias", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 79, pp. 79-94.
Ritov, I., Baron J.(1990),"Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity", Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Volume 3, pp. 263-277.
Royzman, E.B., Baron J. (2002), "The preference for indirect harm", Social Justice Research, Volume 15, pp. 165-184.
Samuelson, William and Richard Zeckhauser (1988),“Status quo bias in decision making,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Volume 1(August), pp. 7-59.
Schweitzer, M. (1994), "Disentangling status quo and omission effects: Experimental evidence", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 58, pp. 457-476.
Spranca, M., Minsk E., Baron J. (1991), "Omission and commission in judgment and choice", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Volume: 27, pp. 76-105.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981),“The framing of decisions and the sychology of choice.” Science, Volume 211, 453-458.
Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman (1991), “Loss aversion in risklesschoice: A reference-dependent model”,Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, Volume 106（4）,pp.39-61.
Wang, X. T.（ 1996 ）,“ Framing effects: dynamics and task domains”,Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Volume 68（November）,pp. 145-157.