臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

雖然我們對於外太陽系的小天體分布已經有了不錯的瞭解，不過還是有很多問題有待解決。為了解決這些未知的問題，下一代的古柏帶巡天計劃必須符合兩者之一的條件: 很深的曝光深度以尋找非常遙遠的小天體，或是超級廣的巡天範圍以找到極大量位於不同區域的古柏帶天體。泛星計劃屬於後者，擁有全天域的搜尋範圍與合理的曝光深度，並預期找到數以千計的新外太陽系天體。

這篇博士論文介紹泛星計劃之主要計劃二: 外太陽系普查 的最新結果，包含如何使用泛星計劃的資料尋找外太陽系天體、尋找海王星的特洛伊小行星群與古柏帶天體的初步結果以及對於一個特別的半人馬小行星進行觀測研究。

目前我們已經找到一百三十九個候選的古柏帶天體，其中三個可能是海王星的特洛伊小行星。我們並確定有一個新發現的小天體跟海王星有著暫態的共振軌道。

此外我們對於一個擁有彗星活動，稱為 P/2011 S1 (Gibbs)的半人馬小行星進行研究。結果顯示它擁有偏藍的表面顏色與相當驚人的質量流失率。我們覺得這個半人馬小行星存在一些特殊的噴發現象使其擁有能夠劇增質量流失率的能力，而一氧化碳是驅使這些物質噴發流失的主要物質。我們對其軌道演化進行數值模擬結果卻發現其軌道與正常的半人馬小行星無異。最後結論顯示這個特別的半人馬小行星有異於常態的質量流失率以及平凡不過的軌道。

Although some of the ideas about the minor planets populations in the outer solar system are already know, still lots of questions need to be answer. Thus the next generation outer solar system surveys must focus on either ultra deep to find the most distant objects or uber-wide to detect a huge number of objects in every dynamical class. The Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1) is the later one, which have whole sky survey area and reasonable limiting magnitude ∼ 22.5 and expected to detect thousand of new outer solar system objects.
This thesis presents the recent works on PS1 KP2: Populations of objects in the Outer Solar System, which includ the method to detect outer solar system objects, the preliminary results of searching new TNO and Neptune Trojans candidates and the study of an active Centaur P/2011 S1 (Gibbs) with a unusual high mass loss rate.
In the first run of Outer Solar System object detecting pipeline we have 139 high confident TNO candidates and possible have 3 of them are Neptune Trojans. One of the candidates has accurate enough orbital elements and able to perform the orbital integrations. The result show that it is possible a quasi-resonant object in the inner Kuiper belt.
For the active Centaur P/2011 S1(Gibbs), we performed multi-color observations for both morphology and photometry studies. The results indicate that P/2011 S1 (Gibbs) remains active from 2010 to 2012 and has a small nucleus < 4 km with colors g−r = 0.5±0.02, r−i = 0.12±0.02 and i−z = 0.46±0.03. A model dependent mass-loss rate ∼ 100 kg s−1 was found. The specific mass-loss rate of P/2011 S1(Gibbs) is as high as that of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, making it one of the most active Centaurs. The mass-loss rate varies with time from ∼ 40 kg s−1 to 150 kg s−1. Due to its rather circular orbit, we propose that it has a 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1-like out burst to change the outgassing rate. Numerical simulations show that the future orbital evolution of P/2011 S1 (Gibbs) is close to the main population of centaurs than 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. Finally, the conclude is come to that P/2011 S1(Gibbs) has a normal centaur-type orbit but unusually high mass loss rate.

Abstract
Acknowledgements
List of Figure
List of Tables
1 Trans-Neptunian object and the Kuiper belt 1
1.1 TheearlystudiesofKuiperBelt.................... 1
1.2 Kuiperbeltsurveys...........................2
1.3 Properties of the Kuiper belt and Trans-neptunian region . . . . . .3
1.3.1 Dynamicalclass......................... 4
1.3.2 PhysicalpropertiesandComposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 Sizedistribution.........................9
1.4 Unsolvedproblems ...........................10
2 The Pan-STARRS 1 12
2.1 Thenextgenerationskysurvey .................... 12
2.2 ThePan-STARRS1 ..........................12
2.3 ThePerformanceanddataprocessing................. 14
2.4 KeyScienceProjects .......................... 16
2.5 KP2: Populations of objects in the Outer Solar System . . . . . . . 16
2.6 DatausageofKP2 ...........................17
3 Searching for new TNOs and candidates of Neptune Trojans: The preliminary results 18
3.1 TheNeptuneTrojans.......................... 18
3.2 Searchingformovingobjects...................... 19
3.3 Outersolarsystempipeline ...................... 20
3.3.1 Thecustomizedskyregion:Healpix.............. 21
3.3.2 Stationarycatalogues...................... 23
3.3.3 Matchingtheknownobjects.................. 23
3.3.4 Findingandlinkingtracks................... 25
3.4 Falsetracks ............................... 25
3.4.1 AstrometricuncertaintymodelofPS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4.2 χ2oftracks ........................... 27
3.4.3 Eliminatingthefalsetracks .................. 28
3.4.4 Otherrestrictions........................ 28
3.5 Candidates ............................... 29
3.6 NeptuneTrojansandotherco-orbiters ................ 29
3.7 Orbitalintegrationsforacandidate: PS1-166 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.8 HowmanyobjectscanbefoundinPS1? ............... 35
3.9 ThestudyofCentaurs ......................... 35
4 Unusual active Centaur P/2011 S1(Gibbs) 36
4.1 TheactiveCentaurs .......................... 36
4.2 MediumDeepandw-bandObservations ............... 37
4.3 MorphologyandPSFcomparison ................... 38
4.4 Photometry ............................... 42
4.4.1 Calibration ........................... 42
4.4.2 Multi-aperturephotometry................... 42
4.4.3 Colorandlightcurves...................... 43
4.4.4 NucleusSize........................... 47
4.4.5 Mass-lossrate.......................... 47
4.5 Dynamicalevolution .......................... 50
4.5.1 Dynamical similarity with 29P/SW 1 and (2060) Chiron . . 52
4.5.2 Lifetime for current orbit and close encounters with Saturn . 53
4.6 Discussion................................ 53
4.7 Summary ................................ 56
5 Future works 57
5.1 Improvements of the OSS pipeline................... 57
5.2 PS1plusPS2 .............................. 57
5.3 InnerKuiperbeltregion ........................ 58
Bibliography 59
A List of PS1 TNO candidates 65

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