臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年心臟病已成為國人常見十大死因之第二名，而記錄心臟活動的心電圖在擷取訊號時最常見被電源雜訊干擾，為了讓醫療人員能夠確切的診斷出心臟疾病，必須降低雜訊的影響。
本論文主要實現一個電流式四階橢圓帶拒濾波電路，電路設計以減少寄生效應提升精準度為目標。採用「分析合成法(Analytical synthesis methods ; ASM)」，先將橢圓轉移函數以矩陣模式表示，並使用主動元件特性完成矩陣關係式，可精簡電路節點數。電路中的主動元件使用運算轉導放大器(Operational Transconductance Amplifier 簡稱OTA)，由於其輸入點虛接地之特性，可有效減低寄生效應，且具備轉導增益的Gm值為電子可調，設計完成的電路又不需使用電阻器的優點，是目前類比電路設計公認最佳的主動元件之一。
本文所設計的帶拒濾波器是將低通濾波電路聯集高通濾波電路為基礎架構，設計完成的電路以60Hz為操作頻率，並藉由H-SPICE及LM13700製程參數進行模擬與理論驗證。其模擬輸出結果具有四階橢圓帶拒濾波器之特性，並以元件靈敏度傾向，進行電路最佳化情況模擬，使輸出更符合特性且趨於精準。
　最後，期待本論文所設計的橢圓帶拒濾波電路能下線實際做成積體電路，以便在實際心電圖儀中使用。

Abstract
The ECG signals are easy to be interfered with by the power noises. The power line interference needs to be minimized in order to obtain a clean ECG signal for accurate diagnosis of a heart condition.
This brief discusses a current-mode fourth-order elliptic filter, The goal is to reduce the parasitic effects and to obtain an accurate output signal. The experiment used the Analytical Synthesis Method (ASM) for fourth-order elliptic transfer function to design the circuit. It can reduce circuit node numbers, so the parasitic effects can be reduced.
The Notch filter can be composed of the Low-pass filter and high-pass filter operated in parallel. We can get the expected result from the designed circuit after the simulation. This experiment used H-spice with LM13700 process to obtain the results. By using MATLAB to document the predictions, we analyzed the sensitivity of the passive elements and made finer output by using passive elements. Finally, we can observe the differences between theoretical parts and simulation parts.
For the future research direction, the circuit does well to make an integrated circuit to substantiate 60Hz Notch filter that can be used in the ECG.

目錄
摘 要.......................................................................................................................I
Abstract......................................................................................................................II
誌 謝.......................................................................................................................III
目 錄.......................................................................................................................IV
圖目錄......................................................................................................................VII
表目錄.......................................................................................................................X
第一章 緒論...............................................................................................................1
第二章 心電圖基本架構與原理介紹.......................................................................3
2-1 心臟的極化與電氣信號...............................................................................3
2-1.1心臟結構..............................................................................................4
2-1.2心臟的傳導系統..................................................................................5
2-1.3心臟的極化與電氣信號......................................................................6
2-2 心電圖波形...................................................................................................7
2-2.1心電圖記錄紙......................................................................................7
2-2.2心電圖綜合波及其命名區間..............................................................8
2-2.3 各種心電信號分布圖.........................................................................9
2-3 心電圖儀內部架構......................................................................................10
2-4 結論..............................................................................................................13
第三章 元件介紹....................................................................................................14
3-1 主動元件介紹............................................................................................15
3-1.1第二代電流傳輸器...........................................................................15
3-1.2 運算轉導放大器 ...........................................................................19
3-1.3差分差動電流傳輸器.......................................................................21
3-1.4 第二代完全差動電流傳輸..............................................................24
3-2 結論............................................................................................................26
第四章 流式四階橢圓濾波電路設計....................................................................28
4-1 以OTA為主動元件設計四階橢圓濾波電路 .........................................28
4-1.1矩陣設計...........................................................................................28
4-1.2 繪製電路..........................................................................................33
4-2 電路計算....................................................................................................36
4-2.1網路分析...........................................................................................36
4-2.2 最佳轉導與電容值..........................................................................38
4-2.2.1 計算四階橢圓低通濾波器轉導與電容值............................39
4-2.2.2計算四階橢圓高通濾波器轉導與電容值.............................43
4-3結論......................................................................................................47
第五章 電路模擬與實作.........................................................................................48
5-1 理論值四階橢圓低通濾波器聯集(並聯)四階橢圓高通濾波器..............48
5-1.1穩定度......................................................................................................51

5-2 H-Spice模擬值.............................................................................................52
5-2.1元件參數.............................................................................................52
5-2.2帶拒濾波電路.....................................................................................53
5-3靈敏度(sensitivity)分析................................................................................55
5-3.1 帶拒濾波器之低通濾波器靈敏度分析............................................55
5-3.2 帶拒濾波器之高通濾波器靈敏度分析............................................59
5-4以LM13700實作60 Hz四階橢圓帶拒濾波電路.....................................66
5-4.1錯誤的電容值導致輸出結果不符理想.............................................67
5-4.2重新確認電路並調整適合的電容後得到的實作結果.....................67
5-4.3實作與理想值比較.............................................................................70
5-5結論...............................................................................................................70
第六章　總結與未來研究方向…............................................................................71
6-1 總結..............................................................................................................71
6-2 未來研究方向..............................................................................................72
參考文獻....................................................................................................................73

圖目錄
圖2-1 2010年十大死因排行榜...............................................................................3
圖2-1.1-1 心臟結構................................................................................................4
圖2-1.2-1 心臟的傳導系統....................................................................................5
圖2-1.3-1 電氣活動傳導向量關係........................................................................6
圖 2-2.1-1心電圖記錄紙........................................................................................7
圖2-2.2-1 心電圖綜合波及其命名區間................................................................8
圖2-2.3-1 心電信號分布圖....................................................................................9
圖2-3-1 心電圖儀方塊圖.......................................................................................10
圖2-3-2 心電訊號受電源雜訊影響比較圖.......................................................12
圖3-1.1-1 CCCII正型之元件符號與等效Nullor model .................................16
圖3-1.1-2 BJT型式實現之CCCII+內部電路圖................................................17
圖3-1.1-3 以MOS實現之CCCII+之內部電路圖...............................................18
圖3-1.1-4 新的CCCII+內部電路.........................................................................19
圖3-1.2-1 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之元件符號圖...............................................20
圖3-1.2-2 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之Nullor等效模型.......................................20
圖3-1.2-3 運算轉導放大器(OTA)之內部電路...................................................21
圖3-1.3-1 正型DDCC之元件符號......................................................................22
圖3-1.3-2 負型DDCC之元件符號......................................................................22
圖 3-1.3-3正型DDCC之內部電路.....................................................................22
圖3-1.3-4 負型DDCC之內部電路.....................................................................23
圖3-1.3-5 利用電流鏡之技術來取代內部偏壓電流..........................................23
圖3-1.4-1 FDCCII之元件符號..........................................................................25
圖3-1.4-2 FDCCII之內部電路..........................................................................25
圖3-1.4-3 利用電流鏡之技術製造反相電流輸出端..........................................26
圖4-1.2-1 四階橢圓濾波電路..............................................................................35
圖4-2.2.1-1低通濾波電路理論圖.......................................................................42
圖4-2.2.2-1高通濾波電路理論圖.......................................................................46
圖 5-1-1 並聯型帶拒濾波器之控制方塊圖..........................................................48
圖5-1-1 帶拒濾波電路理圖.......... .......................................................................49
圖5-1-2 帶拒濾波電路衰減db值理論圖............................................................50
圖 5-1.1-1 系統穩定度...........................................................................................51
圖5-2.2-1 四階帶拒濾波電路圖………………………………………………..52
圖5-2.2-2 帶拒濾波器頻率響應於60 Hz 模擬圖............................................53
圖5-3.1-1 低通濾波電路Ibias1+0.3%模擬結果.................................................54
圖5-3.1-2 低通濾波電路Ibias2+0.3%模擬結果.................................................55
圖5-3.1-3 低通濾波電路Ibias3+0.3%模擬結果.................................................55
圖5-3.1-4 低通濾波電路Ibias4+0.3%模擬結果.................................................57
圖5-3.1-5 低通濾波電路Ibias5+0.3%模擬結果.................................................58
圖5-3.1-6 低通濾波電路Ibias6+0.3%模擬結果..................................................58
圖5-3.2-1 高通濾波電路Ibias1+0.3%模擬結果..................................................59
圖5-3.2-2 高通濾波電路Ibias2+0.3%模擬結果..................................................59
圖5-3.2-3 高通濾波電路Ibias3+0.3%模擬結果..................................................60
圖5-3.2-4 高通濾波電路Ibias4+0.3%模擬結果..................................................60
圖5-3.2-5 高通濾波電路Ibias5+0.3%模擬結果..................................................61
圖5-3.2-6 高通濾波電路Ibias6+0.3%模擬結果..................................................61
圖5-3.2-7 理論值與模擬值...................................................................................63
圖5-3.2-8 模擬值 db表示....................................................................................64
圖5-4-1 LM13700四階帶拒濾波電路..............................................................66
圖5-4.2-1輸入10 Hz 之示波器輸出圖..............................................................67
圖5-4.2-2輸入55 Hz 之示波器輸出圖..............................................................68
圖5-4.2-3輸入60 Hz 之示波器輸出圖..............................................................68
圖5-4.2-4輸入65 Hz 之示波器輸出圖..............................................................69
圖5-4.3-1 60Hz帶拒濾波器模擬與實際輸出堆疊圖.........................................70

表目錄
表2-2.2-1心電訊號波形頻率響應圖......................................................................9
表2-3-1 台電公司99年供電頻率績效統計表......................................................12
表4-2.2-1 四階橢圓濾波器參數............................................................................38
表4-2.2.1-1低通濾波器理論圖特徵.......................................................................42
表4-2.2.2-1高通濾波器理論圖特徵.......................................................................46
表5-1.1-1 帶拒濾波電路理論圖特徵....................................................................49
表5-2.1-1 轉導值與電容值....................................................................................52
表5-3.1-1 LPF靈敏度分析表..............................................................................58
表5-3.2-2 HPF靈敏度分析表..............................................................................62
表5-3.2-3 模擬值與理論值誤差表........................................................................63
表5-3.2-4 理論與模擬g值誤差比較表................................................................64

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