臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文提出兩種應用於太陽光電系統之高效率獨立供電型電源反流器。習用脈波寬度調變之電壓源反流器採用LC濾波電路達成電源轉換功能，並廣泛應用於工業及商業用途。然而濾波電感造成輸出正弦電壓峰值區域內含高諧波成分，即使提高電感兩端電壓，改善效果仍然有限，因此，用於非線性負載種類以及瞬間負載變化之調節能力較差。電流源形式之電源反流器，直接對輸出電容充電並累積正弦波電壓，可有效降低高諧波失真與電磁干擾等問題。然而，此類型反流器為降低電感所產生之電流及電壓應力，需大幅提升濾波電感容量。
本論文第三章所提之正弦電壓反流器，運用耦合電感控制電流源，直接對濾波電容及負載高頻切換充電控制，以累積正弦波輸出電壓。輸入端以太陽光電池串聯產生一略高於交流峰值之直流電壓，再透過電源反流器轉為交流正弦波輸出。運用諧振電感並聯於輸出電容端，全橋反流器可省略四個串聯二極體。此外，耦合電感容量小且環流成份低，並具有低切換損失及電壓箝制效能，最高轉換效率超過97%以上。
習用反流器主要運用太陽光電池陣列串聯組態，產生一直流匯流排電壓，再將其降壓轉為交流正弦電壓輸出。然而，太陽光電池串聯組態易受到單一模組遮陰影響(例如鄰近建築物、電線桿及樹)而造成系統整體電量減少或陷入停擺。若將全部太陽光電池以全並聯組態方式實施，可解決上述因串聯模組延伸之問題。然而，其電壓為低電壓準位不易運用。因此本論文第四章所提高效率單級隔離型正弦電壓反流器，克服低電壓特性問題，此架構僅採用六個開關及一隔離型變壓器，實現高昇壓比例以及轉換成純交流正弦電壓輸出之性能。運用柔性切換、同步整流及電壓箝制等技術，有效降低開關的耐壓規格，並可選用較低導通損失 之開關，減少轉換裝置整體損失。依據額定250W之實驗驗證各項柔性切換性能，其最高轉換效率超過92%，於各類型負載測試條件下，總諧波失真率均在2.5%以下。

The purpose of this thesis is to develop two type high-efficiency stand-alone type inverters for the solar photovoltaic (PV) system. A conventional PWM voltage-source inverter with LC filter circuit is probably the most important power converter topology, and is used in many particular industrial and commercial applications. However, the output waveform tends to distort around the peak turning point and generates high-frequency harmonics. The output inductor also cumbers the adjustable ability of the voltage-source inverter while the situation of suddenly loading or supporting nonlinear loads occurs. The current-source inverting methodology has mainly been used to charge the output capacitor to accumulate pure sine waveform so that it can lower the high-frequency harmonics and solve the problem of EMI. However, the inductor current and switch voltage stress are difficult to handle due to the utilization of a large inductor in this circuit.
The first inverter in chapter 3 adopted a controllable current source supplies the filter capacitors and loads with high frequency switching to integrate the output sine wave voltage. The PV modules are connected in series to obtain sufficient dc input voltage for the inverter to generate ac line voltage. Since the resonant inductor and the filter capacitor are connected in parallel, the series diodes of the full-bridge switches can be omitted. Furthermore, a coupled-inductor with a low volume is utilized to reduce the circulating energy, switching loss and clamped the voltage stress of the devices so that the maximum power inverter efficiency exceeds 97%.
A conventional system uses a PV array in which many PV modules are connected in series to obtain sufficient dc input voltage for generating ac utility line voltage from an inverter circuit. However, difficulty is encountered in avoiding shadows created by neighboring buildings, utility poles, trees, and other obstacles that may partially cover some of the PV modules in the array. As a result, the total output power generated from the PV array decreases. The parallel type operation provides a solution for the PV modules with various properties; however, its voltage still belongs to a low-voltage type. Therefore, a high-efficiency step-up inverter in chapter 4 with single stage inverter is required to overcome this defect. This mechanism with isolated transformers adopts only six switches to achieve the high step-up and pure sine-wave voltage properties. The techniques in this circuit involve the soft switching, synchronous rectification and voltage clamped to reduce the switching and conduction losses by the utilization of a low-voltage-rated device with a smaller RDS(on). According to the experimental measure with 250W power rating, the maximum power inverter efficiency is over 92% and the total harmonic distortions for various load conditions are all within 2.5%.

目錄
中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
誌謝 V
目錄 VII
圖目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻探討 3
1.3 研究目的 18
1.4 研究方法 18
1.5 論文大綱 19
第二章 太陽光電池及電源轉換裝置系統簡介 20
2.1 前言 20
2.2 太陽光電池簡介 20
2.3 太陽光電使用現況 23
2.4 太陽光電池發電原理 24
2.5 電池串並聯特性及等效電路分析 28
2.5.1 串聯組態特性及系統架構 28
2.5.2 並聯組態特性及系統架構 31
2.6 系統架構 32
第三章 太陽光電池串聯組態之正弦電壓反流器 34
3.1 前言 34
3.2 系統架構 34
3.3 電路工作模式與原理分析 36
3.4 電路設計 45
3.5 模擬分析結果 49
3.6 控制驅動信號及周邊硬體電路 52
3.6.1 PWM控制及驅動電路 53
3.6.2 正弦波命令產生電路 53
3.6.3 功率開關之隔離驅動電路 54
3.6.4 交流電壓迴授電路 55
3.7 實驗結果 56
第四章 太陽光電池並聯組態之單級隔離型正弦電壓反流器 65
4.1 前言 65
4.2 系統架構 66
4.3 電路工作模式與原理分析 68
4.4 電路設計 81
4.4.1 變壓器匝數比設計 82
4.4.2 輸出漣波電壓設計 83
4.4.3 變壓器容量設計 86
4.5 模擬分析結果 89
4.6 控制驅動信號及周邊硬體電路 94
4.6.1 PWM控制及驅動電路 95
4.6.2 正弦波命令產生電路 95
4.6.3 功率開關之隔離驅動電路 95
4.6.4 交流電壓迴授電路 95
4.7 實驗結果 96
第五章 結論與未來展望 102
5.1 結論 102
5.2 未來展望 106
參考文獻 110

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