臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

含水量是促使土壤由塑性體轉變成黏滯性液體的主要原因，含水量增加後，土壤行為就逐漸像黏滯性液體一樣。雖然黏性值(viscosity)是如此重要的關鍵因子，卻只有少數資料曾經成功地量測到土壤由塑性體轉變成黏滯性液體時的所有過程中黏性值，本研究的目標就是希望設計一個能夠克服此難題的新儀器。
根據Terzaghi (1943)的活板門原理(trap door principle)和Bingham理論，本研究設計了一個新儀器-流速盒，也推導出該流速盒之控制方程式，以計算黏性值與液性指標之關係。研究中，土壤由塑性體轉變成黏滯性液體時的每一過程，新儀器(流速盒)都成功地量測到黏性值。當液性指標增加時，黏性初值就減少。流速盒量測之黏性初值和其他研究資料相符，也能驗證貓空土石流行為。因此，新儀器達成目標了。
相位理論(The phase concept)蘊含著含水量是促使土壤由塑性體轉變成黏滯性液體的因子，可用以解釋危險的土石流行為。本研究以三種不同含水量模擬2008年薔蜜颱風襲擊北台灣時，大雨造成的貓空土石流。流速(flow velocity) 和固體之體積濃度(solid concentration by volume)是主要的流變學參數，被用於土石流分類規範。新儀器(流速盒)直接量測降伏應力和黏性初值。研究結果顯示含水量達到或超越液性限度時，貓空土石流堆積量預測值和現場一致。另外，印尼的Karanganyar 和 Ciwidey 地點的兩個案例也有成功的結果。
流速盒的優點是能夠直接量測土壤由塑性體轉變成黏滯性液體時每一階段之黏性值，而黏性值主導液體土壤之流速，也用於解釋土石流行動。因此，本研究以流速盒獲得的流變學參數進行數值模擬分析，並成功地解釋土石流由流動區至堆積區的現象。

The transformation of soil from a plastic state into a viscous liquid state is primarily caused by changing the water content of the soil mass. As the water content increases, the soil mass gradually starts to behave like a viscous liquid. In spite of viscosity being a key parameter to the behavior of mudflows, there have no datasets of soil viscosity changes successfully measured continuously as they move from plastic to viscous liquid states. The aim of the current research is to design a new device to overcome this difficulty. Based on the trap door principle formulated by Terzaghi (1943) and the Bingham model, a new device called the Flow Box was designed. The governing equation of the Flow Box was derived in this research in order to obtain the relationship between initial viscosity and liquidity index. In this study, the viscosities in both plastic and viscous liquid states were clearly defined by the Flow Box Test. The expected decrease in initial viscosity was followed by an increase in liquidity index, which corroborated with the test results. The initial viscosity readings with the results of other similar research and the case study of the Maokong mudflow was also validated. Hence, the purpose of this research to create a new device to successfully determine viscosity levels as soil changes from plastic to liquid state is completed.
The phase concept implies that the state of soil changes from plastic to viscous liquid as a function of water content. This principle could be used to interpret the behavior of mudflow, which is the most dangerous mass movement today. When Typhoon Jangmi hit northern Taiwan in 2008, a mudflow occurred in the Maokong area as the result of a high-intensity rainfall. This case was studied using three case simulations each with different water contents. Based on the mudflow classifications, the primary criteria used were flow velocity and solid concentration by volume. The results show that the mass movement confirms the aforementioned criteria for mudflow especially when the water content reaches or exceeds the liquid limit. The validation using Karanganyar and Ciwidey mudflows has the similar trend to Maokong mudflow. The flow box test can determine the viscosity for both plastic and viscous liquid states, which is advantageous. Viscosity is important in explaining the general characteristics of mudflow movement because it controls flow velocity. Therefore, the present study successfully elucidates the changes in mudflow from its transportation to its deposition via numerical simulation using laboratory rheology parameters.

Abstract ii
Acknowledgements vi
Dedication viii
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xiv
List of Symbols and Nomenclature xx
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.3.1 Research hyphotesis 4
1.3.2 Research limitation 5
1.4 Overview of the Proposed Method 5
1.5 Organization of the Dissertation and Significant Contribution 6
Chapter II
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Type of Mass Wasting 8
2.2 Definition and Classification of Mudflow 9
2.3 Characteristic of Mudflow 10
2.4 Initiation of Mudflow 11
2.5 Transportation of Mudflow 16
2.6 Deposition of Mudflow 17
2.7 Liquid Limit 17
2.8 Rheology 22
2.9 Yield Stress and Viscosity 23
2.10 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 24
2.11 Moving Ball Test 28
2.12 Mudflow Characteristics 31
2.13 Appropriate Rheology Model for Mudflow 31
2.14 Numerical Analysis 32
2.15 Hydraulic Model FLO2D 33
2.16 Prevention of Mudflow 35
2.17 Summary 35
Chapter III
MATERIALS AND METHODS 37
3.1 Governing Equation for the Flow Box 37
3.1.1 Assumptions 37
3.1.2 Boundary Conditions 38
3.1.3 Sample limitations 38
3.1.4 Force Equilibrium 39
3.2 Hardware Design of the Flow Box 42
3.3 Sample Preparation 42
3.4 Test Procedure 43
3.5 Viscosity Data Calculation 43
3.6 Developing the Initial Viscosity and Liquidity Index Graph 44
3.7 Results 44
3.7.1 Parametric study of Flow Box Test 44
3.7.2 Evolution of experimental displacement 46
3.7.3 Kaolin sample 46
3.7.4 Reproducibility using Maokong soil 48
3.7.5 Parametric study of FLO2D 48
3.8 Discussion 51
3.8.1 Parametric study of Flow Box Test 51
3.8.2 General characteristics of FLO2D parameters 52
3.8.3 Influence of LI and viscosity on flow velocity 52
3.8.4 Influence of LI and clay fraction to viscosity 53
3.8.5 Validation with case study 54
3.8.6 General characteristics of mudflow behavior 55
3.9 Summary 56
Chapter IV
NUMERICAL SIMULATION 58
4.1 Case Study: Mudflow in Maokong, Taiwan 58
4.1.1 Location of the case study 58
4.1.2 Soil stratification and parameters of the mudflow 59
4.1.3 Soil parameters 60
4.1.4 Modeling conditions 60
4.1.5 Results and Discussion 61
4.2 Validation 70
4.2.1 Case study: Karanganyar mudflow, Indonesia 70
4.2.2 Case study: Ciwidey mudflow, Indonesia 74
4.3 Summary 78
Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 79
5.1 Conclusions 79
5.2 Recommendations 82
REFERENCES 83
APPENDIX 1: DERIVATION OF GOVERNING EQUATION OF FLOW BOX TEST 101
APPENDIX 2: TESTING AND CALCULATION PROCEDURE OF FLOW BOX TEST 110
VITA 159
LIST OF PAPERS 160

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