臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此篇研究以月芽藻 (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)對20種苯甲酸類進行之48小時密閉式毒性試驗。實驗所得到之結果，將利用△DO、Final yield及Growth rate做為觀測終點，藉由Probit模式求出半致死濃度 (50% Effect concentration，EC50)，其後將毒性試驗後所得到的log(1/EC50)，與logKOW與NOH(苯環上烴基取代基所接的數目)迴歸，為此篇研究之最佳方程式(R2=0.915~0.965)。結果顯示，鹵素取代基接於苯甲酸之鄰位取代基毒性較間位、對位低；但烴類取代基接於苯甲酸之鄰位毒性卻較間位、對位高，而三烴基苯甲酸雖為低pKa及logKOW之化學結構，但與藻類有很好之親合性而導致較高的毒性。針對低影響濃度進行敏感性之比較，(△DO、Final yield及Growth rate)，其敏感度為 NOEC > EC10。而在本研究之三種反應終點當中對於苯甲酸類之敏感性最高者為細胞密度變化量，其次為溶氧產生量，而敏感性最差之反應終點為生長率。與其他生物種進行比較可以發現本研究之海洋性發光菌敏感性最高、其他依序為月芽藻、水蚤，敏感性最差者為纖毛蟲。

The objective of this study is to study the toxic effect of benzoic acids on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata using a closed system test. The effects of benzoic acids were evaluated by three kinds of response endpoints, i.e., cell density, algal growth rate, and the dissolved oxygen production. Median effective concentratons (EC50s) were estimated using the Probit model with a test duration of 48hr.
The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were established based on the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and the numbers of benzene substituted with hydroxyl revealed a good relationship (R2=0.915~0.965).
Benzoic acids with halogens at the meta- and para- positions were more toxic than benzoic acids with halogens at the ortho- position. As for the hydroxylated benzoic acids considered here, the results indicate that ortho- hydroxylated benzoic acids have lower pKa values, but the resluts showed higher toxicities than the meta- and/or para- hydroxylated ones, indicating that the hydroxybenzoate derivatives behaved differently from the halobenzoates. Especially, Tri-hydroxybenzoates may have higher affinity to algae than expected from their low logKow and pKa values.
The results also reveal that the value of the lower effect concentration of the benzoic acids (cell density, algal growth rate, and the dissolved oxygen production). This demonstrates that the relative sensitivity is NOEC >EC10>. Besides, the experiment results (EC50) are compared with literature data derived by various toxicity tests. The order of the relative sensitivity is then obtained as follows : Microtox> algae(Final yield)> algae(DO production)> algae(Grwoth rate)> Daphnia magna> Tetrahymena pyriformis.

第一章、緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究方法及架構 3
第二章、文獻回顧 6
2.1 毒性物質─苯甲酸類 6
2.1.1 苯甲酸類之物理特性 6
2.1.2 苯甲酸類之應用 7
2.1.3 苯甲酸類之流佈 7
2.1.4 苯甲酸類之毒理特性 8
2.1.5化學結構降解成苯甲酸類之路徑 12
2.2 藻類毒性試驗 14
2.2.1 試驗物種簡介 14
2.2.2 藻類計數方法 15
2.2.3 藻類毒性試驗 16
2.2.4 批次藻類毒性試驗 17
2.2.5 密閉式試驗方法 17
2.2.6 密閉式BOD瓶藻類毒性試驗 20
2.2.7 試驗之重要參數 21
2.2.8 觀測終點(End point)之量測 26
2.2.9 揮發性有機物實驗 26
2.3 有機物結構與毒性之關係 27
2.4 定量結構-反應關係(QSAR) 28
2.4.1 QSAR之簡介 28
2.4.2 常用之QSAR參數 30
2.4.3 QSAR在環境毒物學上的應用 33
2.5 苯甲酸類之QASR研究 37
第三章、基本理論 38
3.1 毒性試驗終點種類 38
3.2 毒性物質劑量反應模式 40
3.3 最佳化模式G-test 43
3.4 NOEC及LOEC 44
3.5 NEC 46

第四章、實驗設備與方法 50
4.1 實驗設備及材料 50
4.2 毒性試驗藻種 59
4.3 實驗前準備 59
4.3.1 培養基質的配製 59
4.3.2 玻璃器皿清洗與滅菌 61
4.3.3 盤面光度之調整 62
4.3.4 藻類之培養步驟及裝置 62
4.3.5 ISOTON II之配製 63
4.3.6 COD-比色法藥品配製 63
4.3.7 電子顆粒計數器操作方式與原理 64
4.4 儀器操作原理、步驟與設定條件 67
4.4.1 高效能液相層析儀（HPLC) 67
4.4.2 COD-比色法 70
4.5 密閉式藻類毒性試驗方法及步驟 71
4.5.1 實驗方法 71
4.5.2 實驗步驟 71
4.6 實驗之品保及品管(QA/QC) 76
第五章、結果與討論 79
5.1 藻類毒性試驗數據 79
5.1.1 不同pH下藻類生長情況 79
5.1.2 不同pH下苯甲酸實驗結果 80
5.2 苯甲酸類結構與毒性 96
5.2.1 離子態與分子態苯甲酸 96
5.2.2 苯甲酸類取代基種類及位置對毒性之影響 97
5.2.3 苯甲酸類與基線毒性之比較 99
5.3 最佳化模式 102
5.4 NOEC、EC10、NEC值之比較 108
5.5 急慢毒性比(Acute-Chronic Toxicity Ratio ; ACR) 114
5.6 密閉式BOD瓶藻類毒性試驗與其他物種試驗之比較 116
5.7 QSAR分析 120
第六章、結論與建議 125
第七章、參考文獻 128

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