CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. BACKGROUND 1
1.2. MOTIVATION 9
1.3. THESIS OUTLINE 10
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR MODULE 12
2.1 INTRODUCTION 12
2.2. COMMERCIAL SOLAR MODULE AND RELATED DC MODELS 13
2.2.1. Specification of Solar Module 14
2.2.2. Conventional DC Equivalent Circuit Model of Solar Module 15
2.2.3. Conventional Mathematical Model of Solar Module 18
2.3. DC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR MODULE 20
2.3.1. Solar Module with Different Electrical Parameters 21
2.3.2. Solar Module with Different Environmental Conditions 24
2.3.3 Observations for Different Environmental Conditions 27
2.4. OPERATIONAL REGIONS OF SOLAR MODULE 32
2.4.1. Voltage Source Region 32
2.4.2. Current Source Region 34
2.4.3. Maximum Power Point (MPP) Region 36
2.5. AC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR MODULE 39
2.5.1 Solar Module with DC Biased Triangular-type Load current 39
2.5.2 Solar Module with Switching Circuits 43
2.5.3 Complete Equivalent Circuit Model of Solar Module 48
2.6. SUMMARY 51
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR MODULE AT MPP AND MPPT CONCEPT 52
3.1. INTRODUCTION 52
3.2. FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF MPP 53
3.2.1. Non-Resistive Output Impedance of Solar Module 53
3.2.2. Quasi-Resistive Output Impedance of Solar Module 55
3.3. SOLAR MODULE WITH DC-BIASED TRIANGULAR-TYPE LOAD CURRENT 57
3.3.1. Solar Module Operating as Voltage Source 57
3.3.2. Solar Module Operating as Current Source 59
3.3.3. Solar Module Operating at MPP Region 61
3.4. CONCEPT OF NONLINEAR IMPEDANCE IDENTIFICATION BASED MPPT CONTROL 63
3.5. FUNCTIONAL CIRCUIT STRUCTURE OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER 67
3.6. SUMMARY 68
CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF SOLAR MODULE 69
4.1. INTRODUCTION 69
4.2. DERIVATION OF NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SOLAR MODULE 71
4.2.1. Theoretical V-I Characteristic of Ideal Diode 71
4.2.2. Theoretical VPV-IPV Characteristic of Ideal Solar Module with Shunt Resistor 74
4.2.3. Theoretical VPV-IPV Characteristic of Ideal Solar Module with Shunt Resistor and Series Resistor 77
4.3. NONLINEAR FACTOR OF PHOTOVOLTAIC VOLTAGE WAVEFORM 80
4.3.1. IPV-VPV Characteristic of Solar Module and Average Output Voltage for Specified Output Current Range 80
4.3.2. Average Output Voltage for Specified Output Current Range 82
4.3.3. Nonlinear Factor of Photovoltaic Voltage Waveform with DC Biased Symmetrical Triangular-type Load Current 83
4.3.4. Nonlinear Factor of Photovoltaic Voltage Waveform with DC Biased Asymmetrical Triangular-type Load Current 87
4.4. CURVES OF NONLINEAR FACTORS 89
4.5. SUMMARY 92
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER 93
5.1. INTRODUCTION 93
5.2. DESIGN OF POWER CONVERTER AND TRACKING CIRCUIT 94
5.2.1. Engineering Specifications of MPPT Power Converter 96
5.2.2. Design of Power Inductors 98
5.2.3. Parameter Design of Capacitors 103
5.2.4. Selection of Power Semiconductors 105
5.2.5. Parameter Design of PWM Control Circuit 106
5.2.6. Design of Non-Liner Impedance Identification Circuit 108
5.2.7. Design of Auxiliary Power Circuit 111
5.3. OPEN-LOOP CHARACTERISTICS OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER 113
5.3.1. COV Mode 113
5.3.2. MPPT Mode 117
5.4. COMPENSATOR DESIGN 120
5.4.1. Compensator Design for Voltage Loop 120
5.4.2. Compensator Design for MPPT Loop 124
5.5. SIMULATIONS OF CLOSED-LOOP CHARACTERISTICS 127
5.5.1. Closed-loop Characteristics of Voltage Loop 127
5.5.2. Closed- loop Characteristics of MPPT Loop 129
5.6. SUMMARY 130
CHAPTER 6 SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS 131
6.1. INTRODUCTION 131
6.2. IMPLEMENTATION AND TEST SETUP OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER 132
6.3. VOLTAGE MODE OPERATION OF DESIGNED MPPT POWER CONVERTER 134
6.4. MPPT MODE OPERATION OF DESIGNED MPPT POWER CONVERTER 135
6.4.1. Simulation of Designed MPPT Power Converter 135
6.4.2. Experimental Results of designed MPPT Power Converter 139
6.5. SUMMARY 146
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 147
REFERENCES 158
APPENDIX A MEASURED PARAMETERS OF WS45G6P SOLAR MODULE 154
APPENDIX B. MEASURED WAVEFORMS OF WS45G6P SOLAR MODULE 155
APPENDIX C. MATHEMATICA® CALCULATION PROGRAMS 156
C.1. DERIVATION OF NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SOLAR MODULE 156
C.2. DERIVATION OF NONLINEAR FACTOR CURVES FOR EMPLOYED SOLAR MODULE 157
APPENDIX D. SIMPLIS® SIMULATION SCHEMATICS 159
D.1. COMPLETED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL OF EMPLOYED SOLAR MODULE 159
D.2. SCHEMATICS OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER FOR OPEN LOOP SIMULATIONS 160
D.3. SCHEMATICS OF MPPT POWER CONVERTER FOR CLOSED-LOOP SIMULATIONS 161
APPENDIX E. SELECTED FERRITE CORE AND BOBBIN 164
APPENDIX F. MEASURED PARAMETERS OF PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT 165
F.1. MEASURED PARAMETERS OF EMPLOYED WS45G6P SOLAR MODULE WITH DIFFERENT LED LIGHT SOURCE POWER 165
F.2. MEASURED PARAMETERS OF EMPLOYED WS45G6P SOLAR MODULE WITH DIFFERENT LED LIGHT SOURCE POWER 167
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