臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

槽溝挖掘方法為古地震學主要研究方法之一，藉由挖掘後的現地資料及槽溝剖面地層圖做為地震潛勢災害分析之依據，由於目前槽溝剖面地層圖之製作方式主要仰賴大量人力和簡易的照相記錄，不僅耗時費力，且成果品質不易掌握。因此，本研究目標為將發展以搭載著攝影機之地面光達系統產製槽溝剖面地層圖之流程，由現地取得槽溝三維坐標點雲後，將各測站點雲套合投影至最適投影平面，並以彩色點雲資訊為基礎，將產製之槽溝影像結合紋理特徵萃取進行影像分類。實驗成果顯示，所提出的方法可以由光達掃瞄之離散點雲產製槽溝影像，並能額外提供影像和光達點雲資料之尺度誤差量做為變形評估之依據，而在槽溝影像分類成果，依據過去的槽溝地層分層圖進行監督式分類，亦可有效地分出地層類別，分類整體精度為81.18%，Kappa值為0.7646。同時，在加入紋理分析後能與光譜分類結果有效結合，產製出含有紋理資訊之槽溝地層分層圖，以輔助地質學家後續進行歷史地震事件分析及相關應用。

Excavating fault trenches is one of main method to study paleoseismology. However, the current approach which costs considerable time and manpower only relies on geologists to recognize the multiple faulting events. Therefore, this study constructs an automatic procedure to map geological sections by using terrestrial LiDAR systems integrated with cameras. The experiment results indicated that the proposed approach can provide high-quality images of fault trenches and amount of image deformation can also be simultaneously evaluated. In the supervised classification procedures, the classification accuracies are also encouraging (overall accuracy 81.18% and kappa 0.7646). Furthermore, by using an existing geological section produced in 2002 with the texture analysis and classification from the image, the major categories can be correctly identified. It gives solid evidence that the terrestrial LiDAR techniques can be efficiently extended to the applications in geological studies.

致謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.1.1 地震潛勢分析的重要性 1
1.1.2 古地震研究 3
1.2 研究動機與目的 6
1.3 論文架構 7
第二章 文獻回顧 8
2.1 槽溝開挖之重要性 8
2.2 槽溝開挖後續應用 10
2.3 槽溝開挖及剖面製作程序 11
2.4 新式三維測繪技術 15
2.4.1 近景攝影測量 15
2.4.2 雷射掃瞄技術 17
2.5 影像分類理論 21
2.5.1 光譜型分類法 21
2.5.2 結合空間資訊分類法 22
第三章 研究方法 25
3.1 資料預處理 25
3.1.1 光達點雲套合 26
3.2 最適投影平面 27
3.2.1 槽溝主平面計算 27
3.2.2 搜尋投影平面 28
3.2.3 非槽溝面點雲剔除 29
3.3 槽溝影像製作 30
3.3.1 離散點雲平面化 30
3.3.2 點雲網格化 30
3.4 影像分析 32
3.4.1 影像分類 32
3.4.2 群聚處理 37
第四章 實驗與成果分析 38
4.1 資料介紹 38
4.2 資料預處理 40
4.3 最適投影平面成果 41
4.4 槽溝影像產製成果 43
4.5 影像分析 46
4.5.1 監督式影像分類成果 46
4.5.2 分類成果評估指標 49
4.5.3 群聚處理成果比較 52
4.5.4 紋理分析結合監督式分類成果 53
第五章 結論與建議 59
5.1 結論 59
5.2 建議 60
參考文獻 62

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