臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的在於採用攝影測量透過現地調查荖濃溪流域之布唐布納斯溪沖積扇以及實驗觀測來研究土石流沖積扇形貌之變化。透過遙控無人載具配合量測之地表測量標記點之施測可以達到相對高精度低花費之測量結果，實驗採用特殊設計平面鏡陣列可有效提供多個不同角度影像以供數值地形模型資料之建立。在本研究中採用兩種不同條件之土石流來模擬分別在類沖積扇以及高流動性類泥流之土石流沖積扇形成模式，在現地與實驗的比較結果中可發現此兩種沖積扇形成模式在現地皆有發生之可能性及跡象，最後由實驗的結果發現在實驗中之土石流沖積扇有機會自初始沖積扇面高程持續成長的階段到後期達到一動態平衡之高程的階段。

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the morphology of debris fan by conduct a field survey in Pu-Tun-Pu-Nas River debris fan of Laonong River and experiment observation with the Photogrammetry survey method. Aerial UAV Photogrammetry survey with ground controlled marker target can bring high quality digital surface model in a parity cost. Designed mirror array build in laboratory can provide stereo images for reconstruct experiment debris fan topography. Two experiment conditions are adopted to simulate fluvial fan and mudflow formed composition pattern. These two formation pattern might be possible in the field according to the comparison result between field and experiment. The result of experiment shows these two experiments might reach a dynamic equilibrium elevation in late stage from an initial stage of elevation growth.

口試委員會審定書 i
致謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Field survey 3
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Aerial Photogrammetry survey configuration 4
2.2.1 Measurement approach and survey scheme 4
2.2.2 UAV and camera specification 7
2.2.3 Ground control marker target design 9
2.2.4 Survey procedure 11
2.3 Field survey result 14
2.3.1 Field result 14
2.3.2 Scheme quality comparison 20
Chapter 3 Physical set-up and experimental procedure 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Valley geometry model 23
3.2.1 Valley geometry model design 23
3.2.2 Valley geometry model manufacturing 26
3.3 Debris flow and bed load supply 32
3.3.1 Water supply system 32
3.3.2 Bed load supply 33
3.3.3 Debris flow composition and release configuration 33
3.3.4 Dye 37
3.4 Experiment procedure and configuration 38
3.4.1 General experiment configuration 38
3.4.2 Experiment procedure 39
3.5 Preliminary observation 44
Chapter 4 Imaging set-up and procedure 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Mirror array system design 46
4.2.1 Mirror array optical design 46
4.2.2 Mirror array structure 52
4.3 Imaging configuration 54
4.3.1 Mirror array system configuration 54
4.3.2 Mirror array image acquisition and calibration 59
4.4 Preliminary results of imaginary set-up 61
Chapter 5 Experimental result 62
5.1 General experiment condition 62
5.2 Experiment case 63
5.2.1 Test run 63
5.2.2 Case 1: Relatively low fluidity debris flow 70
5.2.3 Case 2: Relatively high fluidity debris flow 77
5.3 Case comparison 84
5.3.1 Formation pattern 84
5.3.2 Fluidity 85
5.3.3 Topography 86
5.3.4 History remained 87
5.3.5 Mainstream affect 89
Chapter 6 Field and experiment comparison 90
6.1 Long profile 90
6.2 DSM topography 97
6.3 Morphology 100
Chapter 7 Conclusion 104

Capart, H., Bellal, M., and Young, D.-L. (2007). "Self-similar evolution of semi-infinite alluvial channels with moving boundaries." Journal of Sedimentary Research, 77(1), 13-22.
Capart, H., Hsu, J. P., Lai, S. Y., and Hsieh, M. L. (2010). "Formation and decay of a tributary&;#8208;dammed lake, Laonong River, Taiwan." Water Resources Research, 46(11).
Carter, C. L., and Anderson, R. S. (2006). "Fluvial erosion of physically modeled abrasion-dominated slot canyons." Geomorphology, 81(1), 89-113.
Chang, Y.-J., and Chen, T. "Multi-view 3D reconstruction for scenes under the refractive plane with known vertical direction." Proc., Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, 351-358.
Chen, S. (1999). "Failure mechanism and disaster mitigation on landslide-dammed lakes." Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation, 30(4), 299-311.
Hsieh, M.-L., and Chyi, S.-J. (2010). "Late Quaternary mass-wasting records and formation of fan terraces in the Chen-yeo-lan and Lao-nung catchments, central-southern Taiwan." Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(11), 1399-1418.
Hsu, J. P., and Capart, H. (2008). "Onset and growth of tributary&;#8208;dammed lakes." Water resources research, 44(11).
Huang, A. Y., Huang, M. Y., Capart, H., and Chen, R.-H. (2008). "Optical measurements of pore geometry and fluid velocity in a bed of irregularly packed spheres." Experiments in Fluids, 45(2), 309-321.
Hung, C.-Y., and Capart, H. (2013). "Rotating laser scan method to measure the transient free-surface topography of small-scale debris flows." Experiments in fluids, 54(9), 1-17.
McCoy, S., Tucker, G., Kean, J., and Coe, J. (2013). "Field measurement of basal forces generated by erosive debris flows." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118(2), 589-602.
MiDia, G. (2004). "On dense granular flows." Eur. Phys. J. E, 14, 341-365.
Mucerino, L., Casella, E., Rovere, A., Vacchi, M., Pedroncini, A., Ferrari, M., and Firpo, M. "Study of wave run-up on a beach using numerical models and low-altitude aerial photogrammetry from UAV drones."
Schenk, T. (2005). "Introduction to photogrammetry." The Ohio State University, Columbus.
Shim, H., Chen, T., Lee, S., Kim, J. D., and Kim, C. "Light weight multiview capturing." Proc., Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2012 IEEE, IEEE, 25-29.
Wu, C.-H., Chen, S.-C., and Chou, H.-T. (2011). "Geomorphologic characteristics of catastrophic landslides during typhoon Morakot in the Kaoping Watershed, Taiwan." Engineering Geology, 123(1), 13-21.
Ai, Y.A. (2008), A study on the motion and rheological parameters of mud flow in rotating viscometer, MSc thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University.
Cheng, H.Y. (2011), Confluence morphodynamics with tributary influx and Lake Formation: field survey and experiments, M. S. thesis, Graduate Institute of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University.
Wang, W.L. (2010), Delta formed by bedload and turbid influxes into mountain reservoirs: field survey and experiment, M. S. thesis, Graduate Institute of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University.