臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究提出一個新的「毋需摘取初達波到達時間」之折射波靜態修正方法，即延遲時間差值法（Differential Delay Time，DDT）來處理CDP反射震測資料的風化層靜態修正。此為結合延遲時間與ABCD法之觀念所發展出的一個新方法，主要利用二相鄰測站B與C之初達折射波漣之相關函數（cross-correlation），求取二測站間之折射波相對走時差，取代以往傳統必須挑取初達波到達時間的繁雜過程，並且利用CDP資料的多重合特性，建立超波線（super trace），來計算相關函數及推算出相對走時差，此超波線計算不但可以減少因資料不佳所引起之誤差，且可利用偵錯機制，求得較為可信的走時差。
與傳統正負法（或ABC法）一樣，DDT法同樣也使用走時差的公式來直接求取各測站下的構造訊息，此法有效的結合雙邊炸之觀念（Reciprocal method），將所有差值植入相關矩陣，運用逆推方法分別計算折射層速度和風化層厚度，獲得風化層模型，再用以計算風化層靜態修正。本方法之特點在於毋需摘取初達波到達時間，不但可減少人為參與，增加問題之客觀性，其理論及實用性均有獨特之處。經過若干理論模型測試，証實本法正確。另外，亦採用一組具有嚴重風化層問題的淺層反射震測資料，經過淺部風化層靜態修正後，表現出更正確的深部地層構造影像，證實DDT法對起伏甚烈的地形處理效果極佳。
DDT法結合震測法中之折射及反射二大體系，在理論上，簡潔的將折射之核心觀念：延遲時間，與反射之CDP多重合之特性結合起來。在實作上，可以不需太多人為參與，由大量走時差資料自行在速度及深度二項來回做線性逆推，客觀且方便。我們已將該法納入正常的淺層反射震測資料處理，其所呈現結果出奇的好，很值得推廣使用。

ABSTRACT
A differential delay time (DDT) concept is proposed for refraction static correction without picking first arrival times in the CDP reflection data processing. This new method is a modification of the ABCD method; it uses cross-correlation to measure the first arrival time difference between signals received at stations B and C, instead of directly computing them from their picked times. By taking advantage of multiple-fold CDP data, we apply the super trace measurement, which may alleviate the effect of data imperfections.
As alike as the ABC method, we fill the traveltime differences in a matrix with the reciprocal method concept in DDT method, then the matrix is inverted to solve for the refraction velocity and weathering depth by a inversion method. Finally, we can get the static correction value converted by the refractor model. A synthetic model and a real case with a severe weathered layer problem have been tested to evaluate the method. Stable and manageable computation processes have been explored to attain maximum performance. The results are quite satisfactory.
In the theory, the DDT method combines “delay time” concept of refraction with multiple fold of CDP data. In application, we can handle the data with DDT method automatically. This is very objective and convenient. Now we apply the DDT method to general shadow CDP seismic reflection cases and the results are very good. This method is worth using widely.

目錄
頁碼
摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………..i
致謝 …………………………………………………………………………….ii
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………iii
圖目 ……………………………………………………………………………v
表目 ……………………………………………………………………………vii
第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1研究動機與目的 ……………………………………………………… 1
1.2文獻回顧 ……………………………………………………………… 2
1.3 本文內容 …………………………………………………………….. 5
第二章 研究方法 ……………………………………………………………. 6
2.1 基本理論 …………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1.1 延遲時間與波線分解 ………………………………………… 6
2.1.2 ABC法 ………………………………………………………… 9
2.1.3 ABCD法……………………………………………………….. 12
2.1.4 DDT法 ……………………………………………………….. 14
2.2 風化層構造之計算 …………………………………………………. 18
2.3 super trace的應用 …………………………………………………. 21
2.4 基準面的問題 ………………………………………………………. 23
第三章 理論模型測試 ……………………………………………………... 26
3.1 模擬CDP幾何之震測資料 ………………………………………... 26
3.2 合成資料之測試與討論 ……………………………………………. 30
第四章 實例應用 ………………………………………………………….. 38
4.1校栗埔測線實例分析 ………………………………………………. 38
4.1.1 同之距泛化互換法 ………………………………………….. 38
4.1.2 方法測試比較 ……………………………………………….. 41
4.1.3 修正結果 …………………………………………………….. 50
4.2寶山測線實例分析 …………………………………………………. 53
4.2.1 資料建立 …………………………………………………….. 53
4.2.2 DDT法測試計算 …………………………………………….. 58
4.2.3 修正結果 …………………………………………………….. 60
第五章 討論與結論 ……………………………………………………….. 63
5.1研究結果之討論 ……………………………………………………. 63
5.1.1 super trace之探討 ………………………………………….. 63
5.1.2 施測展開方式 ……………………………………………….. 64
5.1.3 速度的界定 ………………………………………………….. 64
5.1.4 FAT的應用 …………………………………………………… 65
5.1.5 延遲時間的計算 …………………………………………….. 66
5.2 結論 …………………………………………………………………. 66
參考文獻 …………………………………………………………………….. 68
英文摘要 …………………………………………………………………. 71

參考文獻
Barry, K. M., 1967, Delay time and its application to refraction profile interpretation, in Musgrave, A. W., Seismic refraction prospecting: Soc. Expl. Geophys., 348-361.
Bahorich, M. S., Coruh, C., Robinson, E. S., and Costain, J. K., 1982, Static correction on the southeastern Piedmont of the United States: Geophysics, 11, 1540-1549.
Chon, Y. T. and Dillon, T. J., 1986, Tomographic mapping of the weathered layer: 56th Ann. Internat. Mtg. Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 593-595.
Chun, J. H. and Jacewitz, C. A., 1981, The first arrival time surface and estimation of statics: presented at the 51st Ann. Internal. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys.
Cox, M., 1999, Static corrections for seismic reflection surveys: Soc. Expl. Geophys.
Cunningham, A. B., 1974, Refraction data from single-ended refraction profiles: Geophysics, 39, 292-301.
de Amorim, W. N., Hubral, P., and Tygel, M., 1987, Computing field statics with the help of seismic tomography: Geophys. Prosp., 35, 907-919.
Docherty, P., 1992, Solving for the thickness and velocity of the weathering layer using 2-D refraction tomography: Geophysics, 57, 1307-1318.
Edge, A. B. and Laby, T. H., 1931, The principles and practice of geophysical prospecting: Cambridge Univ. Press., 339-341.
Farrell, R. C. and Euwema, R. N., 1984, Refraction statics: Proc. IEEE, 72, 1316-1329.
Gardner, L. W., 1939, An areal plan of mapping subsurface structure by refraction shooting: Geophysics, 4, 247-259.
Gardner, L. W., 1967, Refraction seismogram profile interpretation, in Musgrave, A. W., Ed., Seismic refraction prospecting: Soc. Expl. Geophys., 338-347.
Hagedoorn, J. G., 1959, The plus-minus method of interpreting seismic refraction sections: Geophys. Prosp., 7, 158-182.
Hawkins, L. V., 1961, The reciprocal method of routine shallow seismic refraction invertigations, Geophysics, 26, 806-918.
Hampson, D. and Russell, B., 1984, First break interpretation using generalized linear inversion: J. Can. Soc. Expl. Geophys., 20, 40-54.
Lawton, D. C., 1989, Computation of refraction static corrections using first-break traveltime difference: Geophysics, 54, 1289-1296.
Palmer, D., 1981, The generalized reciprocal method of refraction seismic interpretation: Geophysics, 46, 1508-1518.
Palmer, D., 1986, Refraction Seismics; Handbook of geophysical exploration, Vol. 13: Geophysical Press.
Rockwell, D. W., 1967, A general wavefront method, in Musgrave, A.W., Ed., Seismic refraction prospecting: Soc. Expl. Geophys., 363-415.
Ronen J. and Claerbout, J. F., 1985, Surface-consistent residual statics estimation by stack-power maximization: Geophysics, 50, 2759-2767.
Sheriff, R. E. and Geldart, L. P., 1982, Exploration seismology, Vol. 1: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Sheriff, R. E., 1991, Encyclopedic dictionary of exploration geophysics, 3rd edi.: Soc. Expl. Geophys.
Spence, G. D., Wittal, K. P. and Clowes, R. M., 1984, Practical synthetic seismograms for laterally varying media calculated by asymptotic ray theory: Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 72, 5277-5217.
Taner, M. Y., Wagner, D. E., Baysal, E., and Lu, L., 1998, A unified method for 2-D and 3-D refraction statics: Geophysics, 63, 1-15.
Wang, C. Y., Tsai D. T., and Kung, Y. L., 1989, Refraction static correction by the generalized reciprocal method: Petro. Geol. of Taiwan, 25, 87-107.
Wang, C. Y., 2002, Detection of a recent earthquake fault by the shallow reflection seismic method: Geophysics, 67, 1465-1473.
Yilmaz, O., 2001, Seismic data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of seismic data. : Soc. Expl. Geophys.
江玉燕（1991）以同支距泛化互換法求風化層靜態修正，國立中大學碩士論文。
林祖慰（1999）淺層反射震測之靜態修正問題。中國地質學會八十八年年會大會手冊及論文摘要，115-117頁。
蔡道賜（1987）折射震測泛化互換法及表面波之研究，國立中大學碩士論文。
龔游龍（1988）折射波風化層修正，國立中大學碩士論文。