臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

公開金鑰基礎建設(Public Key Infrastructure, PKI) 是以密碼學概念來設計的網路資訊安全技術與服務，其概念是現代資訊安全解決方案的重要基石。它可以貫穿於眾多不同的應用環境，如：數位簽章，秘密通訊與個人身份管理等，藉由其本身固有的特殊屬性，在系統中發揮主要或輔助的作用，來達到系統框架設計的目的。但也由於PKI本身的計算量需求十分龐大，在某些有限資源的應用環境下，雖然無法提供完整PKI所需的運算支援，卻同時存在資訊安全方面的需求，如秘密通訊與身份認證與管理等。本篇論文旨在針對不同的環境下，提出對應的輕量型的密碼協定與架構，以滿足該環境下的安全設計需求，在各自的不同領域展現其創新的應用。

首先，在分散式感測網路中，針對感測節點的低功率特性，本章提出了一個分散式金鑰分配模型，使感測網路中的節點可以在較低功耗的情況下交換金鑰，進而建立安全的資料交換與通訊。第三章則是一個PKI於現代網際網路的典型應用，數位智財權管理(Digital Rights Management, DRM)是保護多媒體內容免於受到未經授權播放和散佈的一種技術。本章提出的DRM模型結合輕量化PKI與智慧卡的特性，提供身份認證管理，可移植性和區域使用性等不同的功能，讓數位媒體的散佈能更具有系統管理性。在第四章中，PKI成為一種應用於無線車載網路環境中的基礎架構，在輕量化PKI的支援之下，本章提出一個更具效率的無線傳輸路由協定。

在電腦與網路安全的領域中，PKI的作用主要包含身份認證與資料保密兩方面，其概念是無所不在的。本篇論文探討在三種特殊的應用環境下，藉由輕量化密碼協定與PKI架構的支援進而提出嶄新的設計。

The concept of PKI is a cornerstone of modern security solutions. Its usage permeates many different applications where digital signatures, secure communications, and identity management play primary or auxiliary roles. It can be applied as a helper technology which assist other frameworks by lending its inherent attributes. This dissertation details three distinct applications of PKI concepts in three very different fields. Their respective contributions vary greatly, but they all owe their realization to the concepts of PKI.

First, in the area of Distributed Sensor Networks, a key distribution model is proposed which provides the feature of trusted communication while also giving the benefit of much lower energy use for the low powered sensor devices. The next application of PKI is in the framework of a distributed DRM model. In this model, PKI is employed to provide the benefits of identity management, authentication and revocation in combination with smart cards to additionally provide anonymity, portability, and regional limitations. The last topic is in the area of Vehicular Networking where PKI is part of the associated standard that supports and is supported by our proposed routing protocol.

The concepts of PKI are pervasive in the field of computer and network security. This dissertation show three examples in the areas of sensor networks, digital copyrights, and vehicular networks where PKI concepts are employed to provide some of the benefits that come with using PKI.

論文口試委員審定書 (中) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
論文口試委員審定書 (英) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
誌謝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1 Introduction and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Adaptive Key Pre-distribution Model for Distributed Sensor Networks . . . . . 3
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Motivation and Main Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 The Eschenauer-Gligor (EG) Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 Shamir's Threshold Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 The Adaptive Key Pre-distribution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1 Phi Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2 Adaptive Key Pre-distribution Model for Distributed Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Example: Phi Function Based on Shamir's Threshold Scheme (PTS) . . . . 12
2.5 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.1 Qualitative Analysis of PTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.2 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.3 Communication Overhead and Energy Consumption Analyses . . 17
2.5.4 Resilience against Node Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 A Trust Distributed DRM System Using Smart Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.1 Anonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.2 Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.3 Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.4 Regional Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.5 Semi-trusted Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 The Proposed Smart Card Based DRM Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.1 Preliminaries and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.2 Supporting Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.3 DRM Scheme Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.4 The Proposed DRM Process Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.1 Framework Capabilities and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.2 Security Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4 DORP: Density-Oriented Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks . . . 45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2.1 Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing, GPSR . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.2 Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery, VADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.3 Trajectory Based Data, TBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 DORP: Density-Oriented Routing Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3.1 Scenario and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.3.2 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3.3 DORP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Performance Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4.2 Looping Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Optimal Performance Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6 Measuring Security in VANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.7 Conclusions and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

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