臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於網路使用者數量的急速擴張以及應用程式的複雜性增加，我們需要一個能夠提供大頻寬、大容量的超高速網路。多波長分工光纖網路（Wavelength Division Multiplexing）將單模態光纖之中所擁有巨大的傳輸容量切割成許多平行的通道，目前已成為光纖網路的新興技術。伴隨著多媒體服務程式的出現例如分散式資料處理、廣播系統、視訊會議、以及頻寬隨選系統等等，在下一代網際網路上所用的多波長分工光纖網路必須有效率地提供全光路徑傳輸。本論文旨在探討多波長分工光纖網路上實現全光路徑傳輸協定(Protocol) 及架構設計的一些問題。
本論文的第二章我們提出一個切割群組(partition group)的傳輸協定，來規劃某些特殊的頻寬要求，我們分析一些特殊的頻寬要求如多媒體應用，視訊會議等存在著需求流量區域性(Traffic Locality)的特性，依照此一特性將其網路切割為不同之控制群組，依照時槽規劃(Time Slot Scheduling)，透過分析結果，可以發現切割群組(partition group)的傳輸協定的效能，主要的影響因素包括了波長數目、流量型態(Traffic Type) 、流量區域性(Traffic Locality) 、及網路負載度有極密切的相關性。
本論文的第三章我們提出一系列具容錯(Fault Tolerant)與多點傳送(multicast)特性的光路由器的架構來支援波長路由(Wavelength-Routed)的多波長分工光纖網路。介紹錯誤模型及其相對應的錯誤回機制。與一般具波長轉換能力的光路由器的高複雜度比較，我們所提出的容錯光路由器不僅能發揮多點傳送的功能還能增加容錯的能力。隨著多波長分工技術的進步，利用備用波長來回復受損的連結，可以很容易地以容錯光路由器實現在光纖網路上。此外由於不同架構的容錯與多點傳送光路由器，我們進一步分析他的可靠度，穩定性與價格變動分析，以便提供進一步決策參考。
最後為了實現網路協定直接建構在多波長分工光纖網路(IP over WDM)上，在本論文的第四章，我們提出一個可用在骨幹網路架構上的設計，此一設計包含多波長分工光纖網路、網路協定定址(IP addressing), 標籤交換( label switching), 以及包含切割群組(partition group)的傳輸協定。我們提出一利用隨機過程(random process)與馬可夫鍊( markov chain)來分析網路效能之方法。
在現存網路中流通的資料量正以快速的速度成長，而且電傳與數據資料交換公司也正因為如此的原因互相競爭以期能符合客戶的需求。多波長分工是一個最近引起很多關注的方法之一。但是當前的多波長分工光纖網路只單純地提供高頻寬，而無法充分地發揮多波長分工所能提供的其他優點。因此設計多波長分工光纖網路的最大挑戰便是如何有效利用多波長分工與生俱來的能力。在這篇論文中，我們提出了有效率地的傳輸協定及系統架構。至於未來的研究方向，隨著網際網路的蓬勃發展，網路電話、視訊會議及隨選電影的應用終將成為主要的應用。為了提供這些服務，網路不只要提供需要的頻寬，更要能確保服務品質(QoS)、安全及可靠度。多波長分工光纖網路雖然能提供所需求的頻寬，但未來的方向是在建構新的路由交換器的架構及所搭配的傳輸協定上，要求確保服務品質。也就是將網際網路協定(IP)直接架在多波長分工光纖網路之上，略過不必要存在的通訊協定階層，進一步確保服務品質的可行性方案。

The diffusion of Internet traffic, IP-based networks, and applications is growing at an exponential rate in both private and public networks while IP is becoming the dominant protocol for information communication technology. Thus, IP over WDM has become a very important area of study. Accompanied with the advent of multimedia services such as distributed data processing, broadcasting systems, teleconferencing, and bandwidth-on-demand applications, WDM on Next Generation Internet (NGI) need to provide all-optical transmission efficiently.
First, A new media access control (MAC) protocol is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of TDMA and retain its advantages. Various network topologies, such as bus, ring and star, as well as WDM (Wavelength division multiplexing) and TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access) are popular in MAN/LAN. On the other hand, the network traffic in these applications such as multimedia, videoconferencing, etc., usually exhibits traffic locality. As a result, traditional TDMA is no longer appropriate for such traffic because of inefficiency. Consequently, based on the traffic parameters such as locality and loading, an architecture named as rGDBLN (r Group Dual Bus Lightwave Network), which partitions/reconfigures the network into several control groups, is proposed. Furthermore, the interleaved control slot (ICS) equipped with cross-group section (CGS) and non-cross-group section (NCGS) for reducing collisions is also presented. The slot reuse can be easily achieved by using the ICS scheme and the slot utilization of the network is superior to the original network under the specific traffic.
Then we propose a series of multicasting and fault-tolerant optical crossconnect (MFOXC) architecture that can support multicasting and fault tolerance. First, a tap-based and two splitter-based MFOXC node architectures are presented for wavelength routed all-optical networks. Compared to the traditional optical crossconnect, the proposed MFOXC node not only has the advantage of multicast capability but also improves the capability of fault tolerance. It could be assigned to critical point in networks to improve the reliability and multicast performance. Furthermore, the communication patterns considered in our algorithms include three general types covering almost all current communication patterns. The MFOXC routing algorithms for point-to-point, multicast and multiple multicasts are presented. We also propose a fault model that is more complete than the existing ones by considering both the active and passive faults. In addition to the fault model, a corresponding restoration mechanism is also proposed. On the other hand, the impact on network reliability and cost of the development of the optical networking are an active area of investigation. We also propose a reliability modeling to evaluate the multicasting and fault-tolerant optical crossconnect (MFOXC) structures and compare them in terms of reliability and cost sensitivity. The probability of error-free operations has been investigated for both MFOXC architectures. We present our evaluation results with a commonly used reliability measure, the mean time between failures (MTBF). Finally, we propose the cost and sensitivity analysis for these MFOXC structures. The cost model and the sensitivity analysis show that the cost reduction in different components has various impacts on the total cost of a MFOXC architecture. It can help us to know which component dominates the total cost and how to make a decision to choose among different MFOXC structures.
Finally, we analyze and design of a Backbone Architecture with TDMA Mechanism for IP Optical Networking. We propose a new technique for constructing IP over photonic systems. The use of label switching is assumed in the IP routers, while a new routing architecture is introduced to transport IP packets across an optical backbone network. The architecture is based on a two-level TDMA structure with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Furthermore, we propose an analytical model and evaluate the network performance by comparing the relationship between the slot utilization and the number of groups. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique, we introduce an analytical model allowing us to calculate the IP packet loss probability . We also model the technique by means of a Markovian process whose state is constituted by two discrete variables. The results of analytical model show that the performance of network depends on the network loading, locality, and number of groups Hence, if a system can be operated with appropriate loading, grouping, and traffic locality, its utilization and throughput will be expanded.

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (IN CHINESE) I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (IN ENGLISH) II
ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) III
ABSTRACT (IN ENGLISH) V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF TABLES XVI
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OPTICAL NETWORKS AND WDM 1
1.1.1 Enalbing Technologies 3
1.1.2 Broadcast-and-Select WDM Networks 6
1.1.3 Wavelength-Routed WDM Networks 7
1.1.4 IP Over WDM Networks 9
1.1.5 Multicasting OXC 11
1.1.6 Fault Tolerant WDM Networks 12
1.1.7 Layering Architectures 13
1.1.8 Traffic Characteristic 14
1.2 REASEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS 14
1.3 DISSERTATION OUTLINE 16
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR WDM MAN/LAN…...……18
2.1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY 19
2.1.1 Interleaved Control Slot Mechanism 22
2.1.2 Assignment of Receiver Wavelength 23
2.2 TRAFFIC AND LOAD BALANCE 24
2.2.1 Traffic Representation and Network Manager 25
2.2.2 Dynamic Loading Balance 27
2.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 28
2.3.1 An Upper Bound on Slot Utilization 28
2.3.2 Simulation Models and Results 29
2.4 SUMMARY 33
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTICASTING AND FAULT TOLERANT OPTICAL CROSSCONNECTS 34
3.1 NODE ARCHITECTURE 35
3.1.1 Tap-based MFOXC 38
3.1.2 Splitter-based MFOXC 41
3.1.3 Further Discussion 45
3.1.3.1 Modularity and Expansion 45
3.1.3.2 Multicast Fanout Expansion 46
3.1.3.3 Power Distribution 47
3.2 CONNECT ESTABLISHMENT 48
3.2.1 Multiple Point-to-Point Routing 48
3.2.2 Multicast Routing 49
3.2.3 Multiple Multicast Routing 50
3.3 FAULT MODEL AND FAILURE RESTORATION 52
3.3.1 Fault Model 52
3.3.2 Failure Restoration 52
3.3.2.1 Channel Faults 52
3.3.2.2 Link Faults 53
3.3.2.3 Switch Fault 54
3.3.2.4 MFOXC Node Fault 55
3.4 RELIABILITY MODELING 55
3.4.1 Reliability Requirements 55
3.4.2 Reliability Function 56
3.5 RELIABILITY EVALUATION AND COST ANALYSIS 57
3.5.1 Optical Cross-Connect Architecture 57
3.5.2 Tap-based MFOXC 58
3.5.3 Splitter-based MFOXC 59
3.5.4 Results and Discussion 59
3.5.5 Cost Analysis 62
3.6 SUMMARY 67
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BACKBONE ARCHITECTURE FOR IP OPTICAL NETWORKING 69
4.1 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 71
4.1.1 System Level Architecture 72
4.1.1.1 Switching-hub Level 73
4.1.1.2 REX Level 74
4.1.2 Functional Block of Edge Router and REX Switch 75
4.2 2-LEVEL TDMA ARCHITECTURE 76
4.2.1 2- Level TDMA Transmission 77
4.2.2 Interleaved Control Slot Mechanism 78
4.2.3 Network Inspector 79
4.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 80
4.3.1 Analytical Evaluation 80
4.3.2 Upper Bound on the Slot Utilization (U) and the System Throughput (T) 83
4.3.3 Packet Loss Probability 84
4.3.4 Numerical Results 86
4.4 SUMMARY 91
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 93
BIBLOGRAPHY 97
PUBLICATION LIST 105

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