臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

戴奧辛類化合物為環境中具有嚴重危害之化合物之一，可藉由工業熱處理程序產生並排放至大氣中造成環境衝擊。電弧爐煉鋼程序亦適合戴奧辛之形成，其煙道氣飛灰中常含有大量戴奧辛及重金屬，為處理電弧爐飛灰並回收其中重金屬而設立之電弧爐飛灰處理廠利用高溫旋轉窯進行重金屬回收，因處理高戴奧辛含量之飛灰，同時也是適合戴奧辛生成之熱處理程序，故為主要之戴奧辛污染源。本研究評估台灣地區一電弧飛灰處理廠對鄰近地區環境戴奧辛之衝擊。
本研究之內容主要分為二部分：一、分析電弧爐飛灰處理廠大氣中粒狀戴奧辛特徵，藉以評估難以監測及防治之面源逸散戴奧辛特徵，結果用以進行第二部分之模式推估；二、對該廠之煙道戴奧辛濃度進行監測，並求得點源排放速率，同時以廠內大氣戴奧辛濃度配合模式推估面源之戴奧辛逸散速率，再利用模式推估目前之戴奧辛排放、逸散速率對鄰近地區之影響。
第一部分之研究結果顯示：電弧爐飛灰處理廠之面源逸散戴奧辛多分佈於容易沉降之粗顆粒，屬於易隨大氣擴散之細顆粒在49%以下，而其他廠外污染源排放之戴奧辛54%以上分佈於細顆粒，顯示廠內逸散之戴奧辛隨大氣傳輸至其他地區可能性較低。
第二部分之研究結果顯示：面源逸散戴奧辛量之速率及排放因子均高於點源排放，故點源排放之戴奧辛經空氣污染處理設備後可確實控制。以本研究求得之點源排放及面源逸散速率推估該電弧爐飛灰處理廠對鄰近地區大氣中戴奧辛之貢獻量，發現點源排放之戴奧辛濃度僅0.27 fg I-TEQ/Nm3，面源僅3.3 fg I-TEQ/Nm3，與鄰近地區大氣戴奧辛濃度實測值相較，該廠總戴奧辛排放對鄰近地區大氣戴奧辛濃度之貢獻低於10%。
由本研究之實驗結果顯示，該電弧爐飛灰處理廠面源逸散之戴奧辛量可能較點源排放量高，顯示面源逸散戴奧辛應視為與點源排放同樣重要之監測項目，作為環境衝擊評估之參考。該廠對鄰近地區大氣戴奧辛濃度之貢獻並不顯著，且點源排放、大氣戴奧辛濃度及鄰近地區之大氣戴奧辛濃度均合符國內外法規之規範。面源逸散戴奧辛之懸浮微粒為環境中較易沉降之粗粒徑微粒。

The dioxin-like compounds are one of the most hazardous material groups in the world. Electric-arc furnace-dust treatment plant (EAFDTP) has been defined as the major PCDD/F source in many countries due to its raw material containing huge amount of PCDD/Fs and chloride and its thermal process provide an environment for PCDD/F formation. The major objective of this study is to evaluate the PCDD/F environmental impact of a selected EAFDTP in Taiwan.
The research is mainly contained two parts: the first part is to investigate the size distributions of particulate, PCDD/F mass and toxic equivalent (TEQ) in the ambient air of two sampling sites near fugitive emission sources in the EAFDTP; and the second part is set out to investigate emissions of PCDD/Fs from both the stack (i.e., point source) and plant fugitives (i.e., area source) of an EAFDTP and their impact to the vicinity environments.
The results of the first part show that the fugitive sources in EAFDTP less than 49% of total PCDD/Fs and toxic equivalents (TEQs) were found to be associated with fine particles, more than 54% of total PCDD/Fs and TEQs were correlated with fine particles from outside-plant emission sources. These reveal that fugitive PCDD/Fs from EAFDTP would stay in the plant rather than dispersion in the atmosphere.
The results of the second part show that both the PCDD/F fugitive rate and factor of EAFDTP were higher than stack emission, which suggested that PCDD/Fs in stack flue gas could be control by air pollution control devices (APCDs). Base on the stack emission rate and fugitive rate of EAFDTP those were monitered and estimated in this study, the atmospheric PCDD/F impacts in the vicinity of EAFDTP were assessed. It has been found that the contribution of stack emission was lower than 0.27 fg I-TEQ/Nm3, and was lower than 3.3 fg I-TEQ/Nm3 for fugitive emission. Comparing to the practical atmospheric PCDD/F concentration in the vincinity, total PCDD/F contribution of EAFDTP was less than 10%.
The study illustrates that the particle-bound PCDD/Fs from fugitive emission sources of EAFDTP concentrated on coarse particulates may help PCDD/Fs to deposit to the ground level. The MMDo values of PCDD/F TEQs that came from other sources (1.08, 1.86 μm) outside of the EAFDTP were smaller than those from EAFDTP (2.77, 11.3 μm), and appare to impact humans and the environment significantly. The mean emission rate of the area source (2590 ng I-TEQ/hr) was greater than that of point source (2360 ng I-TEQ/hr). Our result indicates that the area source contributed more than 50% of the total PCDD/Fs emission from the EAFDTP to the ambient atmospheric environments.

中文摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
Acknowledgement /誌謝 VI
Contents/總目錄 VII
List of Tables/表目錄 X
List of Figures/圖目錄 XI
Chapter 1 Introduction 13
1.1 Goal and Specific Aims 13
1.2 Background and Significance 13
1.3 Overview 14
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 16
2.1 Characteristics of PCDD/Fs 16
2.2 Mechanisms of PCDD/F Formation 18
2.3 Particle Size Distribution of PCDD/F 18
2.4 Electrical Arc Furnace 19
2.5 Electrical Arc Furnace Dust Treatment 20
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods 22
3.1 The Procedure of the Experiments 22
3.2 Particle Size Distribution Sampling 23
3.2.1 Sampling Sites and Periods 23
3.2.2 Sampling Method 25
3.2.2.1 MOUDI 25
3.2.2.2 NRI 27
3.2.2.3 Combine the size ranges of MOUDI and NRI 29
3.2.3 Parameters for Describing Particle Size Distributions 29
3.2.4 Meteorology for Particle Size Distribution Sampling 30
3.3 PCDD/F Emission Factors 32
3.3.1 Sampling Period and the Corresponding Meteorology 32
3.3.2 Sampling Sites 32
3.3.3 Sampling Method 36
3.3.3.1 Atmospheric PCDD/Fs 36
3.3.3.2 Stack Emits PCDD/Fs 39
3.4 PCDD/F Analysis 39
3.4.1 Instruments and Conditions 39
3.4.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 40
3.5 Emission Factor 41
3.5.1 The Emission Factor of Point Source 41
3.5.2 The Emission Factor of Area Source 41
3.6 PCDD/F Contribution of EAFDTP in the Vincinity 42
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 43
4.1 Atmospheric Particle Size Distribution 43
4.1.1 Particle Size Distribution of Total Particle Mass 43
4.1.2 Concentration of PCDD/Fs with Particle Size 46
4.1.3 Particle Size Distribution of Total PCDD/Fs and Total PCDD/F-TEQs 50
4.1.4 Cumulative Fraction of Particle Size Distribution 53
4.1.5 MMD and σg 55
4.2 PCDD/F Emission Factors of EAFDTP 60
4.2.1 PCDD/F Concentrations of the Site P, Site U and Site D 60
4.2.2 ISCST3 64
4.2.3 Emission of PCDD/Fs from the Point- and Area-Sources 66
4.2.4 Contributions of Point- and Area-Sources to the Vincinity Atmospheric Environments 68
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestions 71
5.1 Conclusions 71
5.2 Suggestions 72
References 74
Resume (自述) 82

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