臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

臺灣長索跳小蜂族（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）之分類及其生態記錄
中文摘要
本文對在台灣植物檢疫上漸受重視的粉介殼蟲其重要生物防治用寄生蜂做較為深入完整的調查。主要對象為膜翅目跳小蜂科 (Encyrtidae) 四突跳小蜂亞科 (Tetracneminae) 的長索跳小蜂族 (Anagyrini) 。自1999至2003年起，在台灣地區(包括台、澎、金、馬、綠島、小硫球)進行粉介殼蟲之採集調查，共計716筆採集記錄。其寄主植物達71科，種類高達150種以上。
本文利用採集所得粉介殼蟲部分蟲體飼育所得3666隻長索跳小蜂，及行政院農業委員會農業試驗所昆蟲標本館館藏之375隻長索跳小蜂加以鑑定得臺灣之長索跳小蜂族種類為6屬30種，包括一、已記錄種類4種，分別為馬氏暗跳小蜂(Alamella maai Noyes & Hayat)、粉蚧長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus dactylopii(Howard))、蔗粉長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake)及粉蚧長角跳小蜂(Leptomastix dactylopii Howard)；二、13種新種，分別為金門長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus chimenis sp. nov.)、短角長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus curtus sp. nov.)、密毛長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus densus sp. nov.)、長角長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus longus sp. nov.)、梅峰長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus meifengensis sp. nov.)、緋長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus miniatus sp. nov.)、長鞘長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus porlixus sp. nov.)、皺紋長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus rugosus sp. nov.)、條紋長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus tiaowen sp. nov.)、東埔長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus tungpuensis sp. nov.)、台灣隱節跳小蜂(Cryptanusia taiwanus sp. nov.)、完整圓跳小蜂(Gyranusoidea plenus sp. nov.)及粗健圓跳小蜂 (Gyranusoidea robustus sp. nov.)；三、13種臺灣新記錄種，分別為亞克拉長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat)、加州長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus californicus (Compere))、康氏長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus comptoni Noyes & Hayat)、異角長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus diversicornis (Howard)、暗腹長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault))、卡瑪長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus kamali Moursi)、羅氏長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis))、長翅長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus longipennis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal)、米氏長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal and Alam)、夏氏長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus shahidi Hayat)、泰國長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus thailandicus (Myartseva))、三色長索跳小蜂(Anagyrus tricolor (Girault))及六點豎翅跳小蜂(Callipteroma sexguttata Motschulsky)。所有標本皆存放於行政院農業委員會農業試驗所昆蟲標本館。
文中並附長索跳小蜂族之屬、種檢索表、形態特性圖、寄主、寄主所在植物及分佈等資料。
粉介殼蟲最常於下列植物採到：禾本科(Gramineae)、龍舌蘭科(Agavaceae)、露兜樹科(Pandanaceae)、五加科(Araliaceae)、旋花科(Convolvulaceae)、含羞草科(Mimosaceae)、莧科(Amaranthaceae)、蝶形花科(Fabaceae)、曇華科(Cannaceae)、茜草科(Rubiaceae)、爵床科(Acanthaceae)、棕櫚科 (Palmae)、石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)、馬鞭草科(Verbenaceae)、芸香科(Rutaceae)、番荔枝科(Annonaceae)、桑科(Moraceae)、錦葵科(Malvaceae)、桃金孃科(Myrtaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、茄科(Solanaceae)及大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)，約佔總寄主植物的82 %。
常見之粉介殼蟲具17種，即禾竹粉介殼蟲(Antonina crawi Cockerel)、印度禾粉介殼蟲(Antonina graminis (Maskell))、鳳梨嫡粉介殼蟲(Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)) 、絲粉介殼蟲 (Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell))、桑粉介殼蟲(Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)) 、 橘球粉介殼蟲( Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell)) 、木薯綿粉介殼蟲(Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams)、美地綿粉介殼蟲(Phenacoccus madeirensis Green) )、櫻丹綿粉介殼蟲(Phenacoccus parvus Morrison)、石蒜綿粉介殼蟲( Phenacoccus solani Ferris)、柑橘粉介殼蟲(Planococcus citri (Risso))、野臀紋粉介殼蟲(Planococcus krauhiae (Kuwana))、咖啡臀紋粉介殼蟲(Planococcus lilacinus(Cockerell))、太平洋臀紋粉介殼蟲(Planococcus minor　(Maskell))、康氏粉介殼蟲(Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana))、長尾粉介殼蟲(Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni- Tozzetti))及糖梳粉介殼蟲(Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell))。其中木薯綿粉介殼蟲及美地綿粉介殼蟲為二種新記錄種類。常見的粉介殼蟲種類中，以太平洋臀紋粉介殼蟲在台灣地區分佈最廣，其寄主植物高達57科。而桑粉介殼蟲偏好錦葵科植物；櫻丹棉粉介殼蟲偏好菊科及茄科植物；禾竹粉介殼蟲及糖梳粉介殼蟲則偏好禾本科植物。
調查的粉介殼蟲中，除禾竹粉介殼蟲、鳳梨嫡粉介殼蟲、木薯綿粉介殼蟲及美地綿粉介殼蟲未發現長索跳小蜂族種類之寄生蜂外，其餘粉介殼蟲皆有飼育長索跳小蜂族種類之記錄，共計有14種，其中長索跳小蜂屬種類占78.5%。就分布而言，粉蚧長索跳小蜂(A. dactylopii)廣泛分布於台灣地區，其次為長角跳小蜂(L. dactylopii)、異角長索跳小蜂(A. diversicornis)及長翅長索跳小蜂(A. longipennis)。
由粉介殼蟲飼育出之寄生蜂經鑑定後共14種，為亞克拉長索跳小蜂(A. agraensis)、加州長索跳小蜂(A. californicus)、金門長索跳小蜂(A. chimenis sp. nov.)、粉蚧長索跳小蜂(A. dactylopii)、密毛長索跳小蜂(A. densus sp. nov.)、異角長索跳小蜂(A. diversicornis)、卡瑪長索跳小蜂(A. kamali)、長翅長索跳小蜂(A. longipennis)、羅氏長索跳小蜂(A. lopezi)、米氏長索跳小蜂(A. mirzai )、泰國長索跳小蜂(A. thailandicus)、台灣隱節跳小蜂(C. taiwanus sp. nov.) 、完整圓跳小蜂(G. plenus sp. nov.)及粉蚧長角跳小蜂(L. dactylopii.)。

Taxonomy and Bionomic Notes of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Taiwan
Abstract
An extensive, area-wide collection of mealybugs and their Anagyrinian parasitoids was made during 1999~2003 in Taiwan (including Taiwan, Penghu, Kimen, Machu, Lauto, and Cou lau-chou).
All of the Anagyrini of Taiwan, belong to the subfamily of Tetracneminae (Hymenopera : Encyrtidae). In this study 3666 parasitoids reared from different mealybugs and 375 specimens deposited in the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Taichung, Taiwan were identified. Based upon them, thirty species belonging to six genera were described and illustrated along with data of mealybug hosts, host associated plants and distribution. They include 1. Four recorded species, namely Alamella maai Noyes & Hayat, Anagyurs dactylopii (Howard), Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard; 2. Thirteen new species, namely Anagyrus chimenis sp. nov.、Anagyrus curtus sp. nov.、Anagyrus densus sp. nov.、Anagyrus longus sp. nov.、Anagyrus meifengensis sp. nov.、Anagyrus miniatus sp. nov.、Anagyrus porlixus sp. nov.、Anagyrus rugosus sp. nov.、Anagyrus tiaowen sp. nov.、Anagyrus tungpuensis sp. nov.、Cryptanusia taiwanus sp. nov.、Gyranusoidea plenus sp. nov., and Gyranusoidea robustus sp. nov.; and 3. Thirteen new record species from Taiwan, viz. Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat, Anagyrus californicus (Compere), Anagyrus comptoni Noyes & Hayat, Anagyrus diversicornis Howard, Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault), Anagyrus kamali Moursi, Anagyrus longipennis Shafee, Alam & Agarwal, Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis), Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal and Alam, Anagyrus shahidi Hayat, Anagyrus thailandicus (Myartseva), Anagyrus tricolor (Girault), and Callipteroma sexguttata Motschulsky. All specimens described were deposited in the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Taichung, Taiwan. Furthermore, keys to genera and species of Anagyrini are provided along with illustrated figures and bionomic notes such as data of host, host associated plants and their distribution in Taiwan.
The specimens of mealybugs were collected from more than 150 species plants belonging to 71 families. Among them the following families occupied about 82%. These were Gramineae, Agavaceae, Pandanaceae, Araliaceae, Convolvulaceae, Mimosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae, Cannaceae, Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae, Palmae, Amaryllidaceae, Verbenaceae, Rutaceae, Annonaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae.
Seventeen species of mealybugs were commonly found in Taiwan, including Antonina crawi Cockerel、Antonina graminis (Maskell)、Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)、Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell)、Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Nipaecoccus filamentosus (Cockerell)) , (Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green) , Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, Phenacoccus solani Ferris, Planococcus citri (Risso), Planococcus krauhiae (Kuwana), Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), (Planococcus minor(Maskell)), Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni- Tozzetti) and Pseudococcus saccharicola (Takahashi). Among them, Ph. herreni and Ph. madeirensi were newly recorded species.
Regarding their host range, the polyphagous species P. minor had the widest distribution with host range of 57 families; while M. hirsutus preferred the plants of Moraceae; Ph. Parvus preferred the family of Compositae and Solanaceae and A. crawi and Ps. saccharicola preferred Gramineae.
Fourteen species of encyrtid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were reared from nymphs and female adults of mealybugs collected except D. brevipes , Ph. herreni, and Ph. maderiensis. Among these encyrtid parasitoids collected Anagyrus dactylopii, A. diversicornis, A. longispennis and Leptermastix dactylopii had wider distribution in Taiwan.
The parasitoids listed below were reared from nymphs and female adults of mealybugs, namely A. agraensis 、A. chimenis sp. nov.、A. densus sp. nov.、A. californicus、A. dactylopii、A. diversicornis、A. longipennis、A. lopezi 、A. mirzai 、A. thailandicus、G. plenus sp. nov.、A. kamali、C. taiwanus sp. nov., and L. dactylopii.

目 錄
中文摘要
English Abstract
壹、前言 ......................................................1
貳、往昔研究 ................................................. 3
一、跳小蜂長索跳小蜂族之分類歷史...............................3
(一)概述..................................................3
(二)東方區長索跳小蜂族的分類歷史.............................4
二、長索跳小蜂族之生物學.......................................7
三、長索跳小蜂族應用於生物防治之實例...........................8
參、材料與方法 ...............................................10
肆、結果與討論 ...............................................18
一、寄生蜂長索跳小蜂族(Anagyrini)部分.........................18
1. 暗跳小蜂屬 Alamella Agarwal.........................19
(1) 馬氏暗跳小蜂 Al. maai Noyes & Hayat.................19
2. 長索跳小蜂屬 Anagyrus Howard........................22
(2) 亞克拉長索跳小蜂 A. agraensis Saraswat..............27
(3) 加州長索跳小蜂 A. californicus (Compere)............31
(4) 金門長索跳小蜂 A. chimenis sp. nov. ................33
(5) 康氏長索跳小蜂 A. comptoni Noyes & Hayat............36
(6) 短角長索跳小蜂 A. curtus sp. nov. ..................38
(7) 粉蚧長索跳小蜂 A. dactylopii (Howard)...............40
(8) 密毛長索跳小蜂 A. densus sp. nov. ..................47
(9) 異角長索跳小蜂 A. diversicornis (Howard)............49
(10) 暗腹長索跳小蜂 A. fusciventris (Girault)............54
(11) 卡瑪長索跳小蜂 A. kamali Moursi.....................57
(12) 長翅長索跳小蜂 A. longipennis Shafee, Alam &
...........................................Agarwal .61
(13) 長角長索跳小蜂 A. longus sp. nov. ..................66
(14) 羅氏長索跳小蜂 A. lopezi (De Santis)................68
(15) 梅峰長索跳小蜂 A. meifengensis sp. nov. ............71
(16) 緋長索跳小蜂 A. miniatus sp. nov. . ................73
(17) 米氏長索跳小蜂 A. mirzai Agarwal and Alam...........75
(18) 長鞘長索跳小蜂 A. porlixus sp. nov. ................78
(19) 皺紋長索跳小蜂 A. rugosus sp. nov. .................80
(20) 蔗粉長索跳小蜂 A. saccharicola Timberlake...........83
(21) 夏氏長索跳小蜂 A. shahidi Hayat.....................85
(22) 泰國長索跳小蜂 A. thailandicus (Myartseva)..........87
(23) 條紋長索跳小蜂 A. tiaowen sp. nov. .................89
(24) 三色長索跳小蜂 A. tricolor (Girault)................91
(25) 東埔長索跳小蜂 A. tungpuensis sp. nov. .............94
3. 豎翅跳小蜂屬 Callipteroma Motschulsky...............96
(26) 六點豎翅跳小蜂 C. sexguttata Motschulsky............97
4. 隱節跳小蜂屬 Cryptanusia Girault...................100
(27) 台灣隱節跳小蜂 Cr. taiwanus sp. nov. ..............100
5. 圓跳小蜂屬 G. Compere..............................103
(28) 完整圓跳小蜂 G. plenus sp. nov. ...................104
(29) 粗健圓跳小蜂 Gyranusoidea robustus sp. nov. .......107
6. 長角跳小蜂屬Leptomastix Förster....................109
(30) 粉蚧長角跳小蜂 L. dactylopii Howard....................109
二、粉介殼蟲科部分.....................................118
伍、結論 ...................................................127
陸、參考文獻 ...............................................131
柒、誌謝....................................................141
捌、附錄1...................................................142
附錄2...................................................147
玖、圖版....................................................153
圖示1長索跳小蜂形態圖...................................153
圖示2台灣產長索跳小蜂族種類分佈圖.......................155
圖示3台灣常見介殼蟲種類.................................156
圖1. 馬氏暗跳小蜂(Alamella maai)形態圖..................159
圖2. 亞克拉長索跳小蜂 A. agraensis 形態圖...............160
圖3. 加州長索跳小蜂 A. californicus 形態圖..............161
圖4. 金門長索跳小蜂 A. chimenis sp. nov.形態圖..........162
圖5. 康氏長索跳小蜂 A. comptoni形態圖...................163
圖6. 短角長索跳小蜂 A. curtus sp. nov形態圖.............164
圖7. 粉蚧長索跳小蜂 A. dactylopii形態圖.................165
圖8. 密毛長索跳小蜂 A. densus sp. nov.形態圖............166
圖9. 異角長索跳小蜂 A. diversicornis形態圖..............167
圖10. 暗腹長索跳小蜂 A. fusciventris形態圖..............168
圖11. 卡瑪長索跳小蜂 A. kamali形態圖....................169
圖12. 長翅長索跳小蜂 A. longipennis形態圖...............170
圖13. 長角長索跳小蜂 A. longus sp. nov. 形態圖......... 171
圖14. 羅氏長索跳小蜂 A. lopezi形態圖....................172
圖15. 梅峰長索跳小蜂 A. meifengensis sp. nov. 形態圖....173
圖16. 緋長索跳小蜂 A. miniatus sp. nov. 形態圖..........174
圖17. 米氏長索跳小蜂 A. mirzai形態圖....................175
圖18. 長鞘長索跳小蜂 A. porlixus sp. nov. 形態圖........176
圖19. 皺紋長索跳小蜂 A. rugosus sp. nov. 形態圖.........177
圖20. 蔗粉長索跳小蜂 A. saccharicola形態圖..............178
圖21. 夏氏長索跳小蜂 A. hahidi形態圖....................179
圖22. 泰國長索跳小蜂 A. thailandicus形態圖..............180
圖23. 條紋長索跳小蜂 A. tiaowen sp. nov. 形態圖.........181
圖24. 三色長索跳小蜂 A. tricolo形態圖...................182
圖25. 東埔長索跳小蜂 A. tungpuensis sp. nov.形態圖......183
圖26. 六點豎翅跳小蜂 C. sexguttata形態圖................184
圖27. 台灣隱節跳小蜂 Cr. taiwanus sp. nov.形態圖........185
圖28. 完整圓跳小蜂 G. plenus sp. nov.形態圖.............186
圖29. 粗健圓跳小蜂 G. robustus sp. nov.形態圖...........187
圖30. 粉蚧長角跳小蜂 L. dactylopii形態圖................188
圖31. 粉介殼蟲寄主植物科別記錄(1999-2003年).............189
圖32. 台灣地區調查粉介殼蟲飼育出天敵記錄(1999-2003年)...190
圖33. 台灣地區調查粉介殼蟲飼育出天敵記錄(1999-2003年) (續)
..................................................190
圖34. 長索跳小蜂占跳小蜂科之比例(1999-2003年)...........191
圖35. 粉介殼蟲飼育出長索跳小蜂記錄(1999-2003年).........191
圖36. 粉介殼蟲飼育出之長索跳小蜂種類及出現比例(1999-2003年)
..................................................192
圖37. 鳳梨嫡粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).........192
圖38. 桑粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).............193
圖39. 桑粉介殼蟲飼育出長索跳小蜂之記錄(1999-2003年).....193
圖40. 橘球粉介殼蟲飼育出長索跳小蜂之記錄(1999-2003年)...194
圖41. 美地綿粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).........194
圖42. 櫻丹綿粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).........195
圖43. 櫻丹綿粉介殼蟲飼育出長索跳小蜂記錄(1999-2003年)...195
圖44. 石蒜綿粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).........196
圖45. 石蒜綿粉介殼蟲飼育出長索跳小蜂記錄(1999-2003年)...196
圖46. 柑橘粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年)...........197
圖47. 太平洋臀紋粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年).....198
圖48. 臀紋粉介殼蟲屬飼育出長索跳小蜂記錄(1999-2003年)...199
圖49. 康氏粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年)...........200
圖50. 長尾粉介殼蟲之寄主植物記錄(1999-2003年)...........200

陸、參考文獻
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