臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討操作在可見光下結合超音波在玻璃反應器內進
行超音波光催化反應降解酚。利用Sol-Gel 法製備0.5% ZnFe2O4/TiO2
固定在粒狀活性碳(GAC)作為一種能階較低的改質二氧化鈦光觸媒
並藉由XRD、SEM-EDS、BET 以測定製備的可見光光觸媒性質。
相對於可見光催化的實驗結果，超音波光催化系統顯示出更良
好的降解酚效果。超音波的加入對於光催化降解酚有加乘效果。反應
動力式經由擬一階動力式表示濃度與時間的關係，降解速率會受到液
相酚的起始酸鹼值、鹽類的添加以及不同氣體輸入的影響。回收後的
光觸媒，其可見光光催化降解酚之特性，會隨回收次數之增加而遞減。

The sonophotocatalytic degradation of phenol under visible light
irradiation combined with ultrasound was carried out in a glass reactor.
0.5%ZnFe2O4/TiO2-GAC was employed as the lower band gap
photocatalysts which were obtained by sol-gel process and characterized
by spectroscopic X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
with energy dispersive X-ray microanalyses (SEM-EDX) and
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorptometer (BET). Sonophotocatalytic
degradation of phenol has synergistic effect for phenol degradation in
comparison with photocatalytic reaction. The kinetic law for the
sonophotocatalytic degradation is determined to apparently the pseudo
first-order with respect to the concentration of phenol. The rates of
sonophotocatalytuc degradation are affected by the initial phenol pH
value, salts addition, and gas supplying. The characteristics of
photocatalysis under visible light irradiation would be reduced with the
recycling time of the recovered photocatalyst.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ii
ABSTRACT (CHINESE) iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
NOMENCLATURE xvii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Introduction of TiO2 7
2.1.1 Structure of TiO2 8
2.1.2 Preparation of TiO2 powder 16
2.1.2.1 Sol-gel method of metal alkoxides 17
2.1.2.2 Sol-gel method of metal salt 18
2.1.3 Supporting material and performance of the titanium Coating 19
2.2 The photocatalytic reaction 24
2.2.1 Photocatalytic reaction of Semicoductor 24
2.2.2 Homogeneous photocatalysis 27
2.2.3 Heterogeneous photocatalysis 29
2.2.4 The mechanism of photodegradation 30
2.2.5 Photocatalytic reaction of TiO2 32
2.3 Modification of TiO2 photocatalysis 33
2.3.1 Composite of synthesis photocatalyst and Semiconductor 34
2.3.2 Noble metal deposition 34
2.3.3 Doping other transitional metal ions 36
2.3.4 Preparation and characterization of zinc ferrite 36
2.4 Effect of the photocatalytic reaction parameters 44
2.4.1 Effect of reactant concentration 44
2.4.2 Effect of loading catalyst 45
2.4.3 Effect of oxygen 45
2.4.4 Effect of temperature 47
2.4.5 Effect of salts additive 48
2.4.6 Effect of pH value 48
2.5 Photodegradation Kinetics 49
2.6 Ultrasonic introduction 50
2.7 Sonochemical reaction theory 51
2.7.1 Cavitation 52
2.7.2 Sonochemical reaction regions 52
2.8 Sonolysis process 56
2.8.1 The mechanism of sonolysis 56
2.8.2 Sonicator development 59
2.9 Effect of the Sonolysis reaction parameters 65
2.9.1 Effect of intensity 65
2.9.2 Effect of frequency 67
2.9.3 Effect of pH value 67
2.9.4 Effect of temperature 68
2.9.5 Effect of dissolved gases 68
2.10 Advanced oxidation process 69
2.11 Combination of advanced oxidation process: Sonolysis and Photocatalysis 70
2.12 Phenol introduction 72
3 EXPERIMENTAL 79
3.1 Materials 79
3.2 Apparatus and instruments 79
3.3 Preparation and characterization of photocatalyst 79
3.3.1 Pretreatment of granular activated carbon 87
3.3.2 0.5%ZnFe2O4/TiO2-GAC photocatalyst 87
3.4 Instrumental apparatus for characteristic analysis of Photocatalyst 90
3.4.1 X-Ray diffraction analysis 90
3.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy/ Energy dispersive Spectrometer 92
3.4.3 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorptometer 92
3.5 Experimental procedure 92
3.5.1 Blank experiment 94
3.5.2 Sonophotocatalytic degradation of phenol 95
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 100
4.1 Characterization of photocatalyst 100
4.1.1 XRD properties of photocatalyst 102
4.1.2 BET properties of photocatalyst 112
4.1.3 UV-Visible absorption spectra of photocatalysts 113
4.1.4 SEM and EDS properties of photocatalyst 116
4.2. Blank experiment 120
4.3 Sonophotocatalytic degradation of phenol 125
4.3.1 Effect of Ph 127
4.3.2. Effect of Gas Supplying 131
4.3.3. Effect of salts 133
4.3.4. Recovery of catalyst 135
4.4 Sonophotodegradation Kinetics 139
5 CONCLUSIONS 147
REFERENCES 149

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